MORGAN STANLEY (MS) Q3 2022 Earnings Conference Call Transcript

MORGAN STANLEY  ( ?????? : MS) Q3 2022 earnings call dated Oct. 14, 2022

Corporate Participants:

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Analysts:

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Christian Bolu — Autonomous — Analyst

Glenn Schorr — Evercore — Analyst

Brennan Hawken — UBS — Analyst

Dan Fannon — Jefferies — Analyst

Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst

Mike Mayo — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst

Jeremy Sigee — BNP Paribas — Analyst

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Presentation:

Operator

Good morning. Welcome to Morgan Stanley’s Third Quarter 2022 Earnings Call. On behalf of Morgan Stanley, I will begin the call with the following information and disclaimers. This call is being recorded. During today’s presentation, we will refer to our earnings release and financial supplement, copies of which are available at morganstanley.com. Today’s presentation may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. Please refer to our notices regarding forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures that appear in their earnings release. This presentation may not be duplicated or reproduced without our consent.

I will now turn the call over to Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, James Gorman.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us, and I know we’re starting little later than some of the previous quarters, so I appreciate you staying with us. The Firm performed well in a very uncertain and difficult environment. An ROTCE of 15% excluding integration expenses, [ph] reflects the stability and strength of the business model.

Wealth Management pre-tax margin, excluding integration expenses was 28.4% and coupled with $65 billion of net new assets, demonstrates how this business even in a very volatile market environment and with indices down over 20% this year continues to attract new client assets and remains highly profitable. This business’s enormous scale and channel diversification should ensure continued success.

Investment Management and Investment Banking were clearly impacted by the market environment. But as I’ve said elsewhere, advisory and underwriting activity has not gone away, it is simply being deferred. Fixed Income and Equities remains very solid with no areas of obvious concern. Both businesses navigated the complicated markets without serious incidents.

Finally, the strength of our capital position is very clear as shown by the continuation of our strong buyback program with $2.6 billion of share repurchases in this past quarter, couple that with the dividend yield north of 3% and a CET1 ratio of 14.8%.

On an operating basis, this Firm is doing well in a post-COVID world. From a market’s perspective, we expect continued volatility as the Federal Reserve continues to tighten policy such to bring down inflation to acceptable long-term levels. This is an environment where it behooves management to be prudent, but balanced. Our wholesale retreat from the markets is not called for. But at the same time, one must be more cautious in credit-sensitive parts of the business. Fortunately, the business model changes for the past decade or more, plus the acquisitions of Smith Barney, E TRADE and Eaton Vance, put us in a position of significant relative strength and should support solid absolute performance in the months ahead.

I’ll now turn the call over to Sharon to discuss the quarter in detail and together we will take your questions.

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, and good morning. The Firm produced revenues of $13 billion in the quarter. Our EPS was $1.47 and our ROTCE was 14.6%. Excluding integration-related expenses, our EPS was $1.53 and our ROTC was 15.2%. We built our business model to perform through the cycle and withstand volatile environment, evidenced again by the performance this quarter. In Institutional Securities, fixed income benefited from macroeconomic developments. And in Wealth Management, we continued to attract strong net new assets, underscoring the benefits of an advice-driven model and a variety of backdrop.

The Firm’s year-to-date efficiency ratio was 72%. Excluding integration-related expenses, our year-to-date efficiency ratio was 71%, ensuring future growth remains a priority and we continued to invest in tech-driven efficiencies. And with the abatement of COVID related restrictions, marketing and business development expenses have progressively normalized, as our teams reengaged with clients and our colleagues in person. Efficiency remains an important performance objective and we review incremental spend on an ongoing basis.

Now to the businesses. Institutional Securities revenues were $5.8 billion, down from the robust prior year, but seasonally strong — or seasonally strong rather for a seasonally slower quarter relative to historical levels. Strength in Fixed Income and Equities was a counterbalance to muted activity in Investment Banking.

Investment Banking revenues decreased year-over-year to $1.3 billion with meaningful declines across products, particularly underwriting. Ongoing market volatility continued to weigh on issuance and led clients to delay strategic actions. Advisory revenues were $693 million, solid results reflected the completion of previously announced strategic transactions. Revenues were down relative to the record prior year and in line with broader M&A market volumes.

Equity underwriting revenues were $218 million with year-over-year declines across products, reflecting the overall volatility in global equity markets. Fixed income underwriting revenues were $366 million, investment grade issuance fared better. Issuers took advantage of favorable windows and investors demonstrated selectivity in a more challenging market. We remain engaged with clients and strategic dialogues are active across multiple industry groups. The eventual conversion to announcements is dependent on clarity around macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, growth and geopolitics as well as the stabilization or valuation.

Equity revenues were $2.5 billion, the business performed well against the backdrop of equity market declines and volatility. Client brokerage revenues decreased from last year, results were impacted by lower average balances reflective of client deleveraging, which was partially offset by the mix of client balances. Cash and derivative results declined versus the prior year as client activity moderated. Fixed income revenues of $2.2 billion represented the highest third quarter in over a decade, driven by strength across the macro complex.

Macro revenues increased meaningfully versus the prior period. Inflationary pressure as well as Central Bank and fiscal activity drove volatility higher. High extension changes in portfolio supported client engagement and increased flow trading activity, benefiting rates and foreign exchange.

Micro revenues were in line with the prior year. Revenues favored the Americas more in the current period. Other revenues declined from the prior year and reflected a loss of $100 million. Mark-to-market losses on event [ph] and relationship loans, net of hedges and movements in revenues related to deferred cash-based compensation, contributed to the decrease.

Turning to Wealth Management. The business continues to deliver strong results despite the economic uncertainty. Revenues increased from the prior year to a robust $6.1 billion as we continued to grow the more stable parts of our Firm. The rising rate environment supported net interest income more than offsetting lower asset management and transactional revenues. Pre-tax profit was $1.6 billion and the PBT margin was 26.9%. Excluding integration-related expenses, the PBT margin reached 28.4%, underscoring the resiliency of this business against the backdrop of declining asset values.

Total net new assets were $65 billion in the quarter, bringing year-to-date net new assets to $260 billion. Asset consolidation from existing clients, net new clients, workplace relationships and positive net recruiting, were all sources of strength. The growth of net new assets highlights the value of trusted advice, especially through periods of market uncertainty. Our platform continues to attract advisors who recognize the integral role of the Wealth Management business that the Firm and the value advisors gain by leveraging our technology and our products to best serve their clients.

Transactional revenues of $616 million declined from the prior period, due to lower retail engagement and the impact of movements in revenues related to deferred compensation plans. Asset management revenues of $3.4 billion, primarily reflected lower market levels. Fee-based flows were $17 billion, moderating from the robust levels seen in recent quarters, suggesting retail hesitancy to invest in managed products in uncertain markets. Bank lending balances grew to $146 billion. And on a year-to-date basis, balances have grown by $16 billion — on a year-to-date basis rather this quarter balances have grown by $16 billion. The pace of loan growth slowed this quarter on the back of paydowns in securities based lending and moderating mortgage growth.

Total deposits declined by 2% in the quarter to $332 billion. There was a shift in mix to higher yielding saving products as our expanded bank offering attracted clients investable cash. Net interest income was $2 billion, up nearly 50% from the prior year. In this accelerated rate hike cycle, we have outperformed our model beta across our deposit portfolio, which has more than offset the changing mix of our deposit base.

Through the end of the year, we would expect NII to remain broadly in line with the guidance provided last quarter. Noting that some of the rate benefit was pulled forward into the third quarter. Despite this period of heightened uncertainty and volatility, we achieved consistent growth in Wealth Management. We continue to deliver strong net new assets and demonstrate economies of scale with considerable growth opportunities ahead.

Turning to Investment Management. Revenues of $1.2 billion declined from the prior period substantially driven by lower asset values as well as the impact of outflows over the last year. Total AUM ended at $1.3 trillion. Long-term net flows were approximately $2 billion while equity strategies continue to see outflows, the pace has moderated from recent quarters. Interest rate volatility negatively impacted fixed income flows. However, our broadened portfolio also delivered offsets. Inflows of $7 billion into our Alternatives and Solutions platform were led by continued demand for Parametric customized portfolios and our direct indexing and tax-efficient investment capabilities as well as continued demand for private credit.

Liquidity and Overlay Services had outflows of $32 billion. Clients likely relocated money, market holdings to alternative risk-free assets. Asset management and related fees were $1.3 billion the impact of lower average AUM led to the year-over-year decline. Performance-based income and other revenues were a net loss of $101 million, primarily driven by the markdown of a single underlying public investment in one of our Asia private equity funds investments in the business and the integration of Eaton Vance continued to progress well.

We are investing in products and vehicles that will allow us to deliver solutions to a broader set of clients. Our strategic focus on secular growth areas, such as alternatives and direct indexing supported by our ability to globally distribute products positions us well to perform through the cycle.

Turning to the balance sheet. Standardized RWAs were relatively flat, ending the quarter at $460 billion. Prudent management of resources was partially offset by an increase due to market volatility. During the third quarter, we also bought back $2.6 billion of stock, taking advantage of our current valuation and utilizing the flexibility of our repurchase authorization.

OCI related to our available for sale securities portfolio reflected unrealized losses of $1.3 billion. While this should be earned back over time, it reduced our CET1 ratio by approximately 30 basis points in the quarter. Our standardized CET1 ratio was 14.8% approximately 150 basis points above our regulatory requirement, inclusive of buffers as of October 1.

Capital remains critical to our strategy, particularly in this rapidly evolving backdrop. Our tax rate was 21.4% for the quarter, down from the third quarter of last year, primarily driven by the realization of certain tax benefits. We now expect that our full year ”22 tax rate will be approximately 22%. Looking ahead, the broader economic outlook remains uncertain. While we cannot be sure how the market dynamics will play out, we remain confident in our strategy, particularly our ability to aggregate client assets and Wealth Management, support our institutional clients and deliver diversified solutions in Investment Management, all while prudently managing our capital profile and focusing on our strategic goals.

With that, we will now open up the line to questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

We are now ready to taking questions. (Operator Instructions). Please standby while we compile the Q&A roster. We’ll go first to Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Good morning.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Good morning.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

I guess, so, James, you alluded to a lot of cross currents. Fully appreciate that. I think, from your shareholders’ perspective, I think, why folks own Morgan Stanley is some degree of confidence on the superior ROE, defensibility of that ROE. Just talk to us, as you think about the — we’ve already seen a ton of market volatility. As we look forward, your confidence where return on tangible equity 15% and 16%, how defensible you think that is and understanding the quarter-to-quarter volatility, but how defensible do you think that is? And remind us about the synergies from Eaton Vance, E TRADE, et cetera, that we should be mindful of when we think about Morgan Stanley’s growth relative to what happens to the market. Thank you.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Great. Well that’s a good broad question to kick it off. I would say, first of all, we’re thrilled with the deals we did with E TRADE and Eaton Vance. I mean, they both worked better than expectations. In Eaton Vance, for example, the gem that is Parametric has just the gift that keeps giving. E TRADE with the deposits that we brought over through that deal, what we’ve done with the stock plan business is now combined with ours 35%, the S&P companies. And, obviously, having a digital banking platform I’ve often describe E TRADE. It’s a technology company and we bought a lot of technology with that.

So just on those two things, thrilled with it. In terms of the overall environment and how we play in that environment, maybe I’ll just touch on the environment for a minute. It shouldn’t be surprising what’s going on in the markets, so I’m kind of surprised every time I see somebody on TV who seems surprised by it, we had zero interest rates for a decade, we have massive monetary and fiscal stimulus. We have the first land war in Europe in 70 years, the highest inflation in 40 years and the Fed had to move.

Now, my opinion was they moved late, but they moved and they’re going to keep moving. And rates are now around 3%, they’re probably going to go mid-4s, but that remains to be determined. And with that, there will be consequences. So far, we haven’t seen clarity around inflation abating. My gut is that, we will see that clarity and it will be more evidence certainly by the middle of next year and I think the Fed will be successful in this journey, but that’s a gut from all the numbers I’m looking at, but it doesn’t mean I’m going to be right. The word obviously remains volatile.

We — you’re going to see some disruption, we’re seeing it. Some of the more ridiculous stuff that’s been in the market in the last few years, companies trading at 50 times revenues, what’s going on with Bitcoin trading at $60,000, some of the — what’s going on in some of the GameStop [ph] and other companies, where there has been these sort of aberration-type trading. I mean that’s been washed out, and that’s okay. We’re back to sort of fundamentals.

So how does Morgan Stanley play in that? Investment Management, obviously gets hurt when fees are down because asset prices are down, but I’m not — I don’t think we’re in a long-term financial depreciation, so I’m not particularly concerned about that. As I’ve said, the banking pipeline and underwriting gets deferred, people don’t stop doing deals. In fact, there was a deal announced this morning and there will be much more deals as we get closer to economic clarity. Our sales and trading businesses remained robust. We are holding share in those. I feel very good about that and lot of that business is actually repeatable. If you think of prime brokerage, it’s actually very stable.

And with Wealth Management, we brought in $65 billion of new money in one of the most difficult quarters that we’ve had in 15 years. I mean, that would have been unthinkable, even two years. ago. So the fact our clients are continuing to bring us money and the funnel of all the ways the money comes in the door is working is not — that’s not an accident, that’s a business model designed. So I’m really happy with the way that’s working out. So, in aggregate, honestly I’m pretty relaxed, I mean, our CET1 around 14.8%, we’re required to have 13.3% I think. I don’t know if that answered your question. We could probably spend all day talking about it, but the environment is difficult, but we are not under stress.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

No. It did and thank you. And just one quick follow-up to that. At the same time, you’ve shown a tendency to lean and be opportunistic Eaton Vance, E TRADE, a lot of disruption among your peers, both here and Europe. Any — like how do you think about just Morgan Stanley leaning into actually gain share in this backdrop?

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Well, I think you’ve got to keep investing. And we — we’re not making major CapEx across the plans. I mean, I’m sure Sharon will talk about expenses in a minute. We’re obviously being — being prudent, but we don’t see any — we don’t see any reason for great draconian measures. We’ve built the business model. And in times like this is when if you can sustain it, you actually do very well coming out the other side. So, I feel pretty good about — pretty good about our relative position, to be honest.

Operator

We’ll take our next question from Christian Bolu with Autonomous.

Christian Bolu — Autonomous — Analyst

Good morning. Maybe, Sharon, on the deposits. I hear your comments on deposit mix shift, but sweep deposits were down I think 18% Q-on-Q, which I think is the worst quarter decline by significant margin. So, I’m a little surprised that you said deposit beta expectations are — deposit beta is in line with expectations. I guess my question is, how are you now thinking about your guide for 50% terminal deposits beta. Is that still realistic given the Fed is still hiking and — obviously the pace here of sweep deposit decline.

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Sure. So let me just take them and separate them and little. So, the change that you saw in mix of deposits, you actually — what we size is, we have — I would label it as transactional cash and investable cash. The transactional cash is the sweep deposits that you’re talking about. And as James said, with the expanded bank offering, which was also aided by E TRADE, we have more diversified products than we’ve ever had before. And in fact, what we’ve seen is, the savings account that we offer is, those other deposits is where those that investable cash is going when it’s new to the bank.

So, from the aggregate standpoint, Morgan Stanley actually has the vast majority of its deposits is coming from the Wealth Management System. This is important when you compare it to the last period that you’re talking about, because that actually wasn’t the case. So we had sweep deposits, we had some savings in CDs, but a big chunk of that was actually wholesale deposits that was coming from outside. So what James has said with us being able to attract these new assets, these are new assets that are sitting at Morgan Stanley that over time can be deployed as you think about either different investment opportunities or different transactional opportunities.

Now, as it relates to deposit beta, we are outperforming the deposit beta that we’ve modeled, which is where that NII is still coming from. So NII, as you know, Christian, is going to be made of three different things. The deposit beta, the actual deposit mix and then, loan growth. And taken together, that’s still propelling NII to where it was this quarter.

Christian Bolu — Autonomous — Analyst

Okay. Hear you. Maybe on just leveraged lending and the bridge book. Can you speak to your balance’s sheet risk appetite? You guys seem to be on a number of sort of like hung deals, Citrix, Twitter, et cetera. So first of all, how big is your bridge book or leveraged loan book, however you want to characterize it? And then, second, are you increasing your risk appetite here to capture opportunities. And then, how are you thinking about managing that risk?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

So broadly speaking, I’d say we’ve been extremely prudent in terms of risk management. I think that’s most notable actually when you think about our RWAs and just our capital position. So we’ve been looking at different risk-based metrics really over time and bringing them down over the course of the year. So that’s for the entire institution, just knowing that we’ve entered into what feels like a more volatile period. And as you think about those different relationship and event net of hedges, over the course of this quarter, they actually were quite modest marks given the environment.

Operator

We’ll go next to Glenn Schorr with Evercore.

Glenn Schorr — Evercore — Analyst

Hello, there. Thank you. So, maybe a follow-up on the deposit conversation. I’m curious, you have these expanded offerings, yeah, that provide savings account. Have you — how do you monitor and how do you guide client behavior and is the goal at all cost eat deposits and have even if the cost of those deposits is a lot higher than sitting in a brokerage account. I’m just curious on the how to?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

The intention of course, is to give the clients opportunities and choice, Glenn. As you know, which has been our position over the course of the last, god knows how long. But the intention is to give them as many offerings as possible. And, yes, as you said, if we can bring those assets in and give them an opportunity to have a savings account or we can issue CDs or as you’ve always talked about, we have other types of things such as alternatives. What it does is, it brings those assets in-house. And then in a point where they want to be deployed into the marketplace, we can do that. As it relates to what we might necessarily give two different deposits, it would be, of course, again related to those transactional versus investable cash.

Glenn Schorr — Evercore — Analyst

Maybe staying in Wealth. You’ve been very successful at growing your securities based loan book. I think of those as extremely low risk to Morgan Stanley. But, they’re backed by securities and securities of all types have fallen a lot. So I’m curious if you can comment on how big is the book? Will it still grow and how you managing the whole margin call situation just get a mark-to-market on that, that’d be great.

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Sure. So, we have seen a paydown specifically this quarter. So just in terms of the actual book. But in terms of the risk which you highlight, we’ve always said it’s really more of an operational risk than anything else. We have obviously seen margin calls and they’ve all been handled very well over the course of the quarter. So we haven’t seen any issues there. And in addition to that, I think when you look at the LTVs, what we noticed when we have those — we obviously look at that data internally and it is very much in line with the longer dated historical average. And for this quarter, it was over the course of the quarter, on average was in line with last quarter as well. So I think that book remains very well managed, it’s a great opportunity and option for our client base, and of course, it will just be dependent on the environment itself.

Operator

We’ll go next to Brennan Hawken with UBS.

Brennan Hawken — UBS — Analyst

Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. I’d like to drill in a little bit Sharon to the comments that you made around deposit betas and deposits and what’s been changing in the mix for you all. That all makes a lot of sense. I think that that’s clear benefits to having deposits much more oriented to the Wealth Management business. And it helps to watch that mix between the sweep and other. But the idea that the NII guide is essentially unchanged. And you had $250 million growth quarter-over-quarter. That suggests that basically NII is going to be flat into 4Q. So, is that — have we hit given the dynamics — given you have more wealthier clients and you have more of their cash and so you — there’s a if you want to keep that funding, which is of course more attractive than wholesale then you’re going to have to pay for it in those savings accounts. And so therefore, is it just — and with loan growth slowing, is it just right to just assume that, okay. NII — this is probably like the stable level of NII for at least the foreseeable future as we head into 2023? Or, well, we hit a point where you’ll be able to continue to see some resume some growth and we’ve just entered this transition period. How should we think about it a little bit longer-term?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I think, I mean the truth is, I think we’ll have to see. Right? So, you’re right in your assumption that that’s basically what it implies in terms of the quarter-over-quarter for NII. Obviously, we haven’t given 2023 guidance yet. And the reason I mean aside from the fact that we generally give guidance in January, but aside from that the guidance would obviously also take into place what is actually happening with the deposit mix. And I do think that this is an — obviously is an accelerated rate hike cycle. The deposit behavior is still playing out, but the intention here is really to make sure that we have these deposits in-house, and they will continue to be deployed into the marketplace over time, so that’s the balance that one is trying to achieve when you think about that deposit mix and what we’re actually doing from a great bank and growth perspective.

On the loan side, I think that, again, where you see the positivity is, these are environmental factors, right? So, when you think of household penetration from our assays into different mortgage and lending products, those things continue to rise. So what you’re focused on which is completely fair, is really going to be dependent largely on the environment itself, how quickly you see rates move and then how you see deposit behavior play out over time.

Brennan Hawken — UBS — Analyst

Okay. That is all totally fair. Thanks for that color. Second question would be on the lev fin book. There’s definitely some increased focus there, you referenced some marks through the institutional business on the other line, which wasn’t that surprising given the environment. But how are you thinking about managing those risks? There still is some inventory that the Street broadly is going to need to work through and investor appetite has been weak. And so, how — have you hedged that book? How should we be thinking about those risks going forward and how are you continuing to manage it? Thank you.

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Clearly prudent disciplined risk management and I think that the marks that you’ve seen so far underscores and underlines that. I think that the other point that I would just mention as we think about the outlook perspective, what you saw over the course of the third quarter was that the market and issuers and others are very opportunistic as it relates to Windows, and it’s a windows-specific driven market and so when you do see positive windows and we saw it in August and we saw in early September, you do see movement. And so, one is watching that calendar as you think through that. And I think we’re looking for those market receptivities and for those favorable windows.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. I’d just add to it. I mean, there’s obviously been a lot of talk about this here in a couple of names in particular and we can’t talk about individual names as much as I’m sure you don’t like us to, by the way they not hung deals until they are actually out there, but put that aside. About a year ago, a little over a year ago, we turned quite conservative, Brennan. We across the whole plant, we pulled in a little bit and we pulled with their margin book, particularly our Asian margin book, we looked across our whole prime brokerage platform and we pulled in a little bit with certain clients there. And, we’ve been quite cautious in the leverage finance arena and somebody mentioned one transaction Citrix, we’re actually a small player in that.

So we’re not, it’s not like we been large in this space, which might account for the fact in the other line, which is — incorporates a bunch of things including loan losses number actually is very modest. I think it was like negative 100 and there are few pluses in there and minuses, but the aggregate picture is not that — frankly it’s just not that troubling. We remain cautious as I said in my — in my sort of opening comments, particularly in credit-sensitive areas. We’re a big institution. We serve a lot of clients, you don’t get this perfect, but I feel actually pretty good about the way we [ph] have navigated this so far. So, stay tuned to it.

Operator

We’ll go next to Dan Fannon with Jefferies.

Dan Fannon — Jefferies — Analyst

Thanks, good morning. I wanted to follow up on the Wealth side in terms of organic growth. The fee-based growth did slow a bit and I think, Sharon, you mentioned some decision making maybe being a little bit more challenged or slowdown in this type of backdrop, but maybe could you just talk more broadly about the channels that you’re seeing growth on both the total flows as well as maybe what’s — where the rate of change might be either the biggest or slowest whether that’s through existing advisors workplace in the various funnels that you had out there?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Sure. I think that’s a really great question, because I think it is pretty remarkable to see $65 billion of assets in a quarter such as this one. It is coming from different parts of the funnel, specifically though the advice-based channel is the one aggregating the most at this point in time versus, say, the self-directed itself, which isn’t surprising. But what’s so, interesting about the advice-based channel? Is it’s, A, existing and new clients? Yes. But also we’re beginning to see more and more referrals and more and more anecdotes and stories where you actually see the assets is coming through the advice-based channel is actually coming through different referrals that we might have seen from the actual workplace relationships.

And so we’ve been spending a lot of time when you look at workplace and finding a way to, A, provide better content and more content to various employers, specifically in this environment, which is very, very well received. And number two sort of point is that when you think about the assay, we’ve talked a lot about how to match various assays within the workplace. The more and more referrals and the more and more data we have of who is able to monetize those referrals, the better and better it is, and so we’re seeing that continue to pick up.

And then from a workplace perspective, we also have integrated various relationship managers than we might have seen with the workplace into the actual F-18 all of those things taken together is coming through from an M&A perspective the adviser-based channel, but it’s clearly a positivity if you sort of think of the rate of change, where some of that might be coming from. So, I think very proud of the results on the net new assets side.

Dan Fannon — Jefferies — Analyst

Okay. And then just to follow up on expenses. You broadly, obviously, talked about being focused on efficiency, but is there anything specific you can point to that you’re doing differently or thinking about as you start budgeting for next year or even as we go into the fourth quarter that from a rate of change that you’re focused on?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Well, I’d say that we’ve been focused on expenses, well, all year. I mean, we’re always focused on expenses, but very much in the spring of this year, we’ve been taking and I spoke about in the last two earnings call, a very hard look at all of the expenses and just continuing to manage them on an individual — on a project level understanding where all the costs are coming from and also understanding where the growth is coming from.

We’re balancing that of course with the need to continue to invest, not only on the business side, but also continuing to make sure that the infrastructure and controls are there as you think about expanding the business. So, it’s really around that foundational side where some of those expenses might also be coming through as you think about technology migration, et cetera. So it’s just, it’s tactical in nature, as well as this holistic approach of just making sure that you are very cognizant, but it’s certainly part of something that we’re thinking through as we look at the budgeting perspective.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

We also, I mean, obviously, we’re looking at headcount, I mean where you’ve got to take into account the rate of growth we’ve had in the last few years and we’ve learned some things during COVID about how we can operate more efficiently. So that’s something that the management team is working on between now and the end of the year. And again, we want to provide growth opportunities across the platform, but we’ve also identified some efficiencies. So, over time, that will become clearer.

Operator

We’ll go next to Devin Ryan with JMP Securities.

Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst

Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking the questions. I want to start on fixed income trading. Obviously, revenues have been quite healthy in the volatile rate environment with customers moving around their portfolios as you guys noted. Been a long time since we’ve seen these levels of rates. So, I’m curious how you guys are thinking about what a higher for longer environment looks like for fixed income trading once rate settle in, I’m assuming more movement in yields on an absolute basis could be helpful, but would just be great to get your views from any historical context or just broader expectations.

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Absolutely. It’s interesting I think when we looked at the beginning of this year and we said, okay, how do you think about the fixed income environment. What’s it out isn’t just the absolute level of rates, but it’s also the dispersion of what’s going on in different economies. So, if you think — if you go back a decade and you had all rates at zero for every economy and all of a sudden you’ve moved to a place where you have divergent views that’s obviously also driving foreign exchange, for example. So I think all of that taken together is one that we keep looking at. It’s clear that should that continue, that’s a place where one would expect higher volatility and, therefore, by definition, likely higher client engagement. And so as we go forward, that’s clearly something that we’re looking at. But that’s how I would reflect where the fixed income market is right now versus where it’s been, say, 10 years ago.

Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst

Yeah. Okay. Thanks. Just a quick follow up here also just on kind of corporate M&A opportunities. Obviously, evaluations across financials and fintech are down pretty dramatically over the last year. And so, I’m curious whether you’re seeing more maybe opportunities emerge, maybe not necessarily things you were looking for, but just more sellers potentially coming to market just given some of the challenging macro that we’re seeing and also the big change in valuations over the last nine months to a year.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

I mean, you’re going to see little bit of a wash out in some of the fintech space. I mean, this is reality. You’ve seen companies trading at valuations with which, god we could only dream of, of here in our modest little house. But they’re just not reality and that washes out, you’ll see consolidation. A lot of these businesses are scale-driven businesses. They have enormous technology requirements to support cyber and stop client fraud and data control management and so on. So, consolidation is the keyword. At these prices, I think the sellers are only there if they need to sell, they’re probably holding out for something a little more balanced and maybe as my projections right, that sort of end of next year some in the FinTech space. Generally, consolidation across financial services has been the catchword for a decade and we’ve moved aggressively to be at the front of that. And I think that’s just reflecting reality scale matters.

Operator

We’ll go next to Mike Mayo with Wells Fargo Securities.

Mike Mayo — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst

Hi. First one, just general question. Can you just give more details on your tax spending? How much you’re spending, what that’s growing, how much is to change the bank. I know, I’ve asked you before about how much of your workload you look to move to the cloud. Maybe how many apps you have. Just a little bit more meat on the bones. I appreciate at the wealth expo that you held in June. I recognize the cost avoidance that you’ve achieved with the acquisition of E TRADE, that your backbone is complete, your tech backbone,, but these are kind of high level tech comments that you’ve made. So any public comments that you can give to put more meat on the bones would be appreciated.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

So, why don’t I take that, Mike. I think we don’t — we don’t publicly breakout tech. And maybe, we’ll do more of that through next year. But I would say, just to give you some sense of sort of what the focus is, obviously, moving into the cloud was a big deal and you saw the deals that we did in that. All the innovation that’s taken place in the financial advisor channel, the next best action, the virtual advisors, all of the technology and I think you probably saw some of that. The work we’ve done around workplace, Solium was — is basically a tech company, E TRADE is a tech company. Building a workplace platform that doesn’t revolve around a financial intermediary, but all of it goes straight from stock plan straight into vested [ph] E TRADE accounts.

We’re doing a bunch of work. We just did reviewed our electronic trading platform in equities and what they’re doing equities and fixed income and some of the opportunities to leverage the derivatives trading within the E TRADE platform with our electronic trading within our equities group. So there — and a lot of stuff we’re doing around cyber data protection, data management, AI is a huge effort. We have a group of people distinguishing engineers, which we appoint each year a group of very sophisticated technology, software engineers and designers, and we had new clients, just welcomed them actually last week. I think it was so enormous amount going on.

I mean, to your base question, tech spend is going up. I think it’s fair to say along with some of our controls and compliance areas. It’s the fastest growing part of this firm, but that’s good, because it’s displacing things we will be doing manually, which we shouldn’t be doing manually. So I’m perfectly happy to see our tech spend go up. A lot of it is around new innovation, but we’re also running a plant, which is driving $60 billion in revenue and there’s just basic tech infrastructure that we keep modernizing that is the backbone of that plan. So, hopefully, that gives you a bit of a sense.

Mike Mayo — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst

All right. Maybe try specifics in another area. Your $65 billion of inflows to Wealth in a tough market, noted. But I see the definition of inflows has changed over the last year to also include dividends, interest and asset acquisitions, that’s from the note in the earnings supplement. So how much of the $65 billion of inflows to Wealth were related to dividends, interest and asset acquisitions?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

It was — I just would highlight. There were no asset acquisitions this quarter, and the dividends and interest was always included in that definition.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, that’s, I mean, to my knowledge, that’s not a changes happened at least in the last two decades.

Operator

We’ll go next to Jeremy Sigee with BNP Paribas.

Jeremy Sigee — BNP Paribas — Analyst

Thank you. You talked about E TRADE and workplace and the multi-channel business model, which I think is very powerful. I just wanted to ask, is that all bedded down now, is that fully operational, humming along or are there any major integration steps or implementation steps still to be done?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

The last integration I talked about is actually in the call in January. There will be a back office conversion that we’ll see in 2023, but that’s the most major thing that we have left to be done. As well as, over the course of the fourth quarter, we will expect something in terms of integration expense, specifically from an E TRADE perspective. They will look similar to the third quarter.

Jeremy Sigee — BNP Paribas — Analyst

And in terms of referral between the channels, that capability, that — that’s fully happening already, that’s in place, it’s happening all the capabilities that.

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

Oh, yeah, I’m sorry, I misunderstood the question that you’re talking specifically about the integration expenses and how we’re thinking about that. Is — from a referral perspective, I would say there is still a lot more that will continue to be done. So we’re just scratching the surface of that entire — those relationships and bringing those funnels together. What I mentioned, for example, as you think about the referral programs, that’s just beginning, right, to the better data that we have amongst who’s the best FA to refer — to refer workplace relationship to that will just continue as you kind of better understand an aggregate data.

Remember, we’ve invested a lot in the capabilities that you would consider AI in nature, to give you a better sense of what do someone do with his or her next stock plan distribution, for example, do they buy a house, do they need a mortgage. Okay, what happens at this stage in someone’s life cycle. So the more and more data that we aggregate across all of these channels, the more and more powerful the Wealth Management business becomes. So James’s point around the technology investments. That technology investment is core to be able to continue to grow the business with what we call that we’ve discussed this Project Genome before.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

I’d just repeat something that Andy Saperstein said at one of the recent conferences that our plan is to generate $1 trillion of new money, new client money every three years. So it’s $330 billion. Obviously, in a very difficult environment like this. It’s — that run rate is more challenging, but we’ve had quarters where we’ve been much higher than where we are now. So it’s about, call it $75 billion — little more $80 billion a quarter and this quarter we did $65 billion. That is an unbelievable number.

If you think about $1 trillion, we generate over 50 basis points — 50 basis points per dollar of assets. So that is an unbelievable revenue machine. And there are many, many factors contributing to it. It is a completely different business model, because workplace, because of the direct channels, because of what we’ve done and with the bank and the way we’ve changed the whole financial advisory interaction with their clients through technologies. So very exciting, this path that we’re on. And it’s heading towards what I’ve said, my long-term goal here is $10 trillion in clients money at 50 basis points, is a $50 billion business. And that’s, — that’s the target we’re heading for and that’s where we’re going to go.

Operator

We’ll go next to Gerard Cassidy with RBC Capital Markets.

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Thank you. Good morning. James, you mentioned that obviously it’s no real surprise the market conditions as you describe some of the issues we’ve confronted this year and obviously capital raising is going to come back at some point. Can you guys give us a little further color on your pipelines of what you’re seeing possibly for the fourth quarter as we go into the first of next year in the investment banking and trading areas?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

The pipelines are solid. The activity I think what’s interesting is continued to be across the diversified base of different companies. So it’s not just about one sector in particular. But as James and I highlighted, I think, it’s really around that macroeconomic factors and that’s geopolitics et cetera. But what it really ends up doing is it creates uncertainty and the cost of capital and in valuation, which therefore also impact price discovery. And so that’s kind of the, what’s the clincher in terms of this realization of what remains a solid pipeline.

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Do you think your clients are more realistic about that price discovery today, Sharon, versus maybe six months ago?

Sharon Yeshaya — Chief Financial Officer

I think, that people are digesting the various prices and I do think that you’re beginning to see that on, say, an issuance perspective, right? So if you think about the cost of capital, that also took people time to — or rather companies time to digest and understand that we are in a different regime where treasuries are and so it means that their cost of capital is also higher. And you might not have necessarily seen issuance right away, because those corporate balance sheets were there and now you might see an opportunistic or more prudent behavior from a treasurer, CFO. And so I think as that mindset begins to shift and yes, over time, the valuation mindset begins to shift as well.

James P. Gorman — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

I mean, I’m on the road a lot and I see a lot of CEOs, I mean, I think the CEOs have sort of established or on the path to establish companies are getting very realistic and they want to get on with business, I mean you can’t sit on your hands forever. You’ve got to figure out, always a better way to do business and the environment it’s wonderful. If you have zero interest rates, but that’s unsustainable so moved to a normalized and obviously we’re going to go a little higher than that to beat inflation back. But people are adjusting to that. I think the ones that are struggling still companies that — private companies that were valued at let’s just say sporty levels and they’re doing new rounds and they are finding, they’re just not paid at the same and that’s — that’s hard to accept as an entrepreneur, it’s their baby and they want to believe that it’s what it was at the peak and maybe it was overvalued at the peak. That’s just what profiting markets do and again, some of these public companies that have traded down from their offering price, because we’re in a different environment and money has got more expensive. So those groups will take longer to adjust, but this is sort of real politic around core businesses that have been around for a while. They adjust pretty quickly. I mean, we all get it, we’ve all been through different cycles. You get a little lucky in certain cycles where things are really cheap and then you’ve got to move a little harder and little faster when things aren’t. And we’ve done deals in both kinds of cycles.

Operator

There are no further questions at this time. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today’s conference call. Thank you, everyone, for participating, you may now disconnect.