Chevron Corporation (NYSE:CVX) Q1 2023 Earnings Call dated Apr. 28, 2023.
Corporate Participants:
Jake Spiering — General Manager of Investor Relations
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Devin McDermott — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Neil Mehta — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Roger Read — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Paul Cheng — Scotiabank — Analyst
Sam Margolin — Wolfe Research — Analyst
John Royall — JPMorgan — Analyst
Kaleinoheaokealaula Akamine — Bank of America — Analyst
Josh Silverstein — UBS — Analyst
Ryan Todd — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Jason Gabelman — TD Cowen — Analyst
Biraj Borkhataria — Royal Bank of Canada — Analyst
Unidentified Participant — — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Good morning. My name is Katie, and I will be your conference facilitator today. Welcome to Chevron’s First Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. I will now turn the conference call over to General Manager of Investor Relations of Chevron Corporation, Mr. Jake Spiering. Please go ahead.
Jake Spiering — General Manager of Investor Relations
Thank you, Katie. Welcome to Chevron’s first quarter 2023 earnings conference call and webcast. I’m Jake Spiering, General Manager of Investor Relations. Our Chairman and CEO, Mike Wirth; and CFO, Pierre Breber, are on the call with me. We will refer to the slides and prepared remarks that are available on Chevron’s website. Before we begin, please be reminded that this presentation contains estimates, projections, and other forward-looking statements. Please review the cautionary statement on Slide 2. Now, I will turn it over to Mike.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
All right. Thanks, Jake. Chevron delivered strong financial results again last quarter, the seventh consecutive quarter with return on capital employed greater than 12%. This enabled another record for cash returned to shareholders while maintaining a strong balance sheet. Since our investor day two months ago, we’ve remained focused on executing our plans: achieving important milestones on our major project in Kazakhstan; continuing to build activity levels in the Permian; positioning Bayou Bend to be one of the largest carbon storage projects in the United States; and safely and reliably delivering oil products and natural gas that help power the global economy. Next week, we’ll publish our corporate sustainability report. I encourage you to review it on our website as we provide updates on the ESG topics that matter to our business and our stakeholders.
In closing, while commodity markets remain uncertain, our approach is unchanged: capital and cost discipline applied to advantaged assets in both traditional and new energy businesses; and steady returns of cash to shareholders. You can see that consistency in our actions and our results. Now to Pierre to discuss the quarter.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Mike. We reported first quarter earnings of $6.6 billion, or $3.46 per share. Adjusted earnings were $6.7 billion, or $3.55 per share. We had one special item this quarter related to changes in the energy profits tax in the United Kingdom. The appendix of this presentation contains a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures. Strong operating cash flow enabled Chevron to deliver on its financial priorities during the quarter: a 6% per share dividend increase; higher capex within budget; net debt ratio under 5%; share repurchases at the top of our prior guidance range.
Adjusted first quarter earnings were up over $200 million versus last year despite 20% lower oil prices. Adjusted Upstream earnings were lower mainly due to realizations and adjusted Downstream earnings increased primarily due to higher refining margins. Both segments benefited from a change in timing effects. Higher interest income and lower accruals for stock-based compensation decreased all other charges. Compared with last quarter, adjusted earnings were down $1.1 billion. Adjusted Upstream earnings decreased primarily due to lower realizations. Other items include the absence of last quarter’s dividend withholding tax at TCO and lower exploration and transportation expenses. Adjusted Downstream earnings were essentially flat. Lower margins and volumes were offset with higher chemical earnings and other favorable items including trading results. Lower accruals for incentive-based compensation decreased all other net charges and also benefited the operating segments.
First quarter oil equivalent production was down about 80 thousand barrels per day from last year due to the expiration of a contract in Thailand and the sale of our Eagle Ford asset. This was partially offset by growth in the Permian. We expect 2023 production growth in the Permian to be back-end loaded as wells put on production, POPs, increased across both operated and non-operated areas. We expect our royalty production to be roughly flat.
As discussed during our Investor Day, we’re increasing activity in New Mexico. All four company-operated rigs added this year, one each quarter, will be in New Mexico leading to more POPs expected in the second half of the year and into 2024. We also continue to be active in Texas. Last year, about half of our company-operated production was in the Delaware Basin in Texas with the remainder split about evenly between the Midland Basin and New Mexico.
More than half of our non-operated production is with five major operators in large contiguous positions in core areas of multi-year development programs, where we have visibility to capex and execution schedules and a royalty benefit compared to the operator. The balance is with dozens of other operators where we have a little less visibility but similar predictability from greater diversification. More than half of our royalty production comes from the Pecos River area in the heart of the Delaware Basin. The balance of our royalty position is in the remainder of the Delaware and Midland Basins, also with well-known operators. In summary, Chevron has a large, diverse position in the Permian with a unique royalty advantage where we learn from our own operations and from others.
Now, looking ahead. In the second quarter, we expect planned turnarounds at Gorgon and in the Gulf of Mexico along with downtime at an FSO in Thailand and a number of planned refinery turnarounds. Also, we expect share buybacks to increase to a $17.5 billion annual rate. In summary, 1Q was another quarter with strong financial results, continued capital discipline, and a steady return of cash to shareholders. We’re confident that consistent and straightforward management through commodity cycles will create value for stakeholders. Back to you, Jake.
Jake Spiering — General Manager of Investor Relations
That concludes our prepared remarks. We are now ready to take your questions. Please limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. We will do our best to get all of your questions answered. Katie, please open the lines.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Devin McDermott with Morgan Stanley.
Devin McDermott — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking my question.
Jake Spiering — General Manager of Investor Relations
Morning, David.
Devin McDermott — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
So — good morning. So there was some helpful detail in the slides and the remarks on the breakdown of Permian operations. If I look at the quarter, your volumes did fall a bit sequentially in 1Q versus 4Q. I was wondering if you could just talk in a bit more detail about some of the drivers there. How things are going as you ramp New Mexico activity and then specifically the confidence that you have in that back half-weighted production ramp?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, thanks, Devin. And Pierre tried to show a little more detail including breaking out co-op, NOJV and royalty talking about drilling activity and feet drilled, et cetera. So glad that that was helpful. First quarter performance was a function of really the fact that NOJV and royalty production, which as you can see from that chart, is a meaningful portion of our overall production. It was down a little bit from fourth quarter of last year. Now this gets a little lumpy due to how it gets reported by partners. And so over time, it’s trended up, particularly the NOJV piece. But it was a little lumpy and it was down first quarter versus fourth quarter last year. Co-op production was mostly flat from 4Q of last year to first quarter of this year.
In terms of the full year outlook, on Slide 9 we show full year outlook. It’s about 770,000 barrels a day. ’22 was a little bit over 700,000, 707,000, I think. Our co-op production will grow in the mid-single digits. NOJV, we expect to grow in the mid-teens. And royalty is roughly flat year-on-year is our expectation. So that kind of lays out first quarter and we still think that the guide we give is appropriate, as Pierre said, back-end loaded. So we’ll be updating each quarter on that.
Devin McDermott — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Got it, makes sense. Thanks. And my follow-up is on TCO. And it’s exciting that we’re now less than a year away from start-up there. And back at the Investor Day, you noted that you had shifted to commissioning and the start-up work for WPMP. I was wondering if you could just give us an update on how things are going there, latest expectations on timing and then also the key milestones that we should be keeping an eye out for, for the balance of this year, ahead of start-up.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, absolutely. I actually was in Kazakhstan earlier this month. I had a chance to meet with the President of the Republic, some other senior officials and also spent time down at Tengiz and visited the job site, talked to both people from our construction team, people from the commissioning team, people from operations as we’re preparing for a start-up. And I’ll tell you, it looks a little less like a construction site, a little bit more like a plant than it did the last time I was down there. So the progress is very obvious. The headline I’ll give you is there’s no change to our cost or schedule guidance. We expect WPMP start-up to begin by the end of this year. Now that’s the conversion of the field from high pressure to low pressure. So that will take some time as we take all the metering stations and field infrastructure down to low pressure, but that will still begin by the end of this year and the start-up of the future growth project, the portion that adds 260,000 barrels of oil production. That will begin by mid next year. Both of these require a series of turnarounds and tie-ins and things like that. So it’s quite a complex set of activities to get us to the point where we’ve got everything online. But there’s a lot of work behind us. While I was there, we achieved mechanical completion on the third-generation sour gas injection facility, which was ahead of schedule. And there are a number of milestones that I mentioned or we talked about at the Investor Day that we’ve achieved. So we completed tie-in of the fuel gas system to the first gas turbine generator. We fired that generator, so we know that it’s working. In the second quarter, in terms of milestones to watch for, we’re working commission boilers, steam system, other utilities that are required for the start-up of the pressure boost facility, which is the key driver of that conversion from high-pressure to low-pressure field operations to enable sustained well deliverability. In the third quarter, we expect mechanical completion of the future growth project. And then as I said, we’ll begin start-up activities on the field conversion to low pressure by the end of this year. So those are some of the key milestones. And like I say, a lot behind us but there’s still a lot of complex work ahead. We’ll be updating you on it every quarter.
Devin McDermott — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
All good to hear. Thanks, Mike.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
All right, Devin. Thank you.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from Neil Mehta with Goldman Sachs.
Neil Mehta — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Yeah, thank you so much. Mike and Pierre, the first question is just around the LNG portfolio. A lot of volatility in the global gas markets over the course of last year. I’d just be curious how you guys are seeing the outlook and any updates on your portfolio, particularly down in Australia. We’re — recognize you’re going to be taking some maintenance, but it seems like it’s operating pretty well.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. So look, overall, it’s been a bit of a wild ride in gas markets over the last year. And we’ve seen prices extraordinarily strong. If you go back two years ago, they were extraordinarily weak. And they’ve certainly moderated now as we’ve had warmer weather in the Northern Hemisphere through the wintertime as the situation in Europe has I think become a little more stable. Certainly, inventories both in Europe and in the U.S. are much healthier than people were concerned about at one point in time. And so we’re into a market that still is perhaps strong by historic standards but certainly not nearly as strong as what we saw.
Operations at Gorgon and Wheatstone are running very well. We had a record number of LNG cargoes go out of Australia last year. It was 10% better than the best year we’ve ever had. Reliability was first quartile for the two facilities. And so we feel good about that. We’ve started — or this year, we’ll start the second turnaround cycle, which is a four-year cycle to turn trains around Gorgon Train 1. We’ll have a major planned turnaround in the second quarter of this year. And of course, we’re working on the next stage of field development to continue to keep the field full with wells drilled and start-up activity, tie-in activity, et cetera, underway on the next phase of the gas developments to bring that into the facility. So things in Australia are good from an operational standpoint and a reliability standpoint. More broadly speaking, we continue to look at opportunities in our LNG portfolio beyond Australia. Certainly, we’ve talked at some length about the Eastern Med. So belabor that, but looking at concepts and expect to select the concept on the Leviathan expansion by the end of this year. And in Equatorial Guinea, we’re looking at opportunities to bring additional gas resources in through existing infrastructure. So continue to be very focused on what we can do to add value in our LNG business, but to do it in a way that’s returns accretive.
Neil Mehta — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
That’s great. And then the follow-up is just on return of capital. And I think you guys have been pretty clear about the range that we should be thinking about from a buyback perspective, just on dividend growth. Just talk about how do you expect that to track relative to your free cash flow per share expectations?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, you know on — I think we have been clear on buybacks, so I won’t spend time on that. On dividends, I would say our track record should speak for itself. Of course, these are decisions that are made by the Board each year, but we’ve got 36 consecutive years now of higher payouts. Over the last five years, our dividend growth per share has been double that of our closest peer. So we’ve sustained this not over the long haul, but also in the short term through the volatile period of time that we’ve seen, our dividend track record, I think, stands very well. I’ll reiterate our four financial priorities, the first of which is to sustain and grow the dividend as I just mentioned, a 6% increase earlier this year and a compound annual growth rate of 6% over the last 15 years. So I think again, I’ll say our track record on the dividend speaks for itself. I think Pierre mentioned that the quarter we just closed included the highest ever cash distributions to shareholders for the fourth consecutive quarter that we can say that. And we’re very mindful of continuing to deliver cash in a predictable and consistent manner back to shareholders through both of those vehicles.
Neil Mehta — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Yeah, thanks Mike.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Okay, Neil. Thank you.
Operator
We’ll go next to Roger Read with Wells Fargo.
Roger Read — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Yes, thank you, good morning. Maybe come back to the Permian a little bit. I know you’ve been providing us a lot more detail on things and appreciate that and the detail for the overall production breakdown in the U.S. But looking at the Permian, the Chevron-operated portion versus your JV non-op, as we think about some of the snags that have been hit over the last couple of quarters, where have been the biggest problems? Has it been in the operated or the non-operated? And then as you think about correcting those over the next couple of quarters, how much of that is Chevron control versus partner?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, so I will speak to our operated operation because I really can’t speak on behalf of the others. They should speak on behalf of their operations. We certainly learned from those. But we spent a pretty good amount of time at the Investor Day talking about the learnings on drilled but uncompleted wells and sat for a long time talking about the prior basis of design for the wells including spacing and proppant loading, talking about multi-bench development and we’ve learned a lot from our own operations, and those learnings are augmented by the things that we learned from others. And so we talked about more single-bench development, more activity in New Mexico. We continue to be very focused on driving strong returns and not optimizing to production or some other metric.
Just to give you a little bit more guidance, Roger, for this year in terms of how to think about it. We expect royalty production to be roughly flat in the neighborhood of a little bit over 100,000, maybe 110,000 barrels a day. Most of that comes from the Pecos River area where we’ve got big operators, Oxy is largest operator in that area, but others that are well-known operators in that area. And then we’ve got some that comes in from the Midland as well from big operators where there’s a lot of visibility into what their plans are. Our co-op production growth, we expect to be mid-single digits for the full year, maybe a touch higher than the midpoint of single digits, and expect roughly 190 wells to be put on production this year, which is down a little bit from last year, maybe 10% from last year when our co-op production increased 35,000 barrels a day. We’ve got growth in the Texas side of the Delaware earlier in the year, the New Mexico side later in the year, which follows the chart Pierre showed you with drilling lateral feet. And then in the NOJV, the growth is higher. It’s in the mid-teens for the full year. The gross number of POPs in our NOJVs are expected to be up about 15% year-on-year. And it’s interesting our net POPs actually increased more than the gross because we have relatively high working interest and a significant royalty advantage in the non-ops. And so a 15% increase in gross POPs actually translates into more production than you might presume. We’ve got really good visibility into the execution schedule. We’ve received more than 3/4 of the AFEs for this year’s activity. And operations have actually begun on more than 3/4 of the NOJV wells that we expect to be POP-ed this year. So it’s a mix. We’ve got a really strong but also a bit of a complex portfolio because of these three different contributors, and we’re continuing to hold the guidance as I said earlier, at about 770,000 for full year.
Roger Read — Wells Fargo — Analyst
No, that’s great. I appreciate that. And a follow-up question I suspect is for you, Pierre. Working capital, obviously tends to be a draw in Q1. You’ve got the sounds like a decent level of planned maintenance in Q2. So just any thoughts on how we should look at overall cash flow generation Q2, maybe rest of the year in terms of the cadence?
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Well, in terms of working capital, Roger, the first quarter, as you said, was a build in working capital draw on cash, and that was primarily inventory related. If you saw last year, we had draws on working capital. That was primarily through taxes payable, and you’ll see in the second quarter some of those payments happening. We try to give everything excluding working capital because over the course of time, that tends to zero out and there’s a pattern, but there’s some variability around it. So that’s the guidance I would give on you. In terms of free cash flow, it depends on — and cash from ops depends on commodity prices and margins, and we gave a lot of that during our Investor Day and some upside and downside cases. But in terms of working capital, you’ll see timing effects. We try to look through them and exclude them. And then next quarter, you should expect some large tax payments, which will be obviously a draw on cash.
Roger Read — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Okay, great, thank you.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from Paul Cheng with Scotiabank.
Paul Cheng — Scotiabank — Analyst
Hey, good morning guys.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning, Paul.
Paul Cheng — Scotiabank — Analyst
Mike, at the clay project due to the characteristic that we have different return and different payback period criteria that I think management put, so for your loan carbon investment, not those that for the — on the emission mitigation activity, but that in terms of like CCUS as a new business. For that kind of business what is the minimum internal rate of return and payback period that you assign in order for you to sanction the projects.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Paul. Look, the reality is these are brand-new businesses. And we’ve got a lot of confidence in the returns and payback periods that we expect out of businesses we’ve been in for many decades and understand very well in well-established markets. These are businesses that don’t exist today. They are in part enabled by a government policy, the rules of which are not yet fully written and the durability of which we need to ask ourselves questions about as we commit capital to it. So they’re different. They’re very different. Our goal over the long term is to get similar returns out of these businesses as we get out of our core business. And so that would be double-digit returns. In the midterm to the near term, we’re going to have to go into some of these things that offer high growth and opportunity with our eyes wide open, but also understand that as we establish them in the early days, we may not see the returns that we expect in the fullness of time. So we make big investments. Our expectation is over the life cycle of these investments, we’re going to deliver those kinds of returns. But we’re also mindful of the fact we’ve got to develop technology. We’ve got to scale these things. We’ve got to help markets mature. We’ve got to build operational experience. We’ve got to build risk management experience, supply chain and customer capabilities in these businesses. And so in the near term, we’ll be understanding of the fact that the returns in the short term will probably look different than our long-term expectations but we won’t go into things that we don’t believe offer the long-term prospect for returns, which is why we have steadily avoided more well-established sectors like wind and solar, where we could go into those today because the risks are better defined, but we also understand the returns. And so we were just trying to do these kinds of projects, we would go into those, but they don’t offer the kinds of returns we expect out of the things that we’re working on.
Paul Cheng — Scotiabank — Analyst
Second question is that your largest U.S. competitor just announced that they’re going to push more aggressively into trading and establish a single trading organization and think that there’s quite a fair amount of opportunities out there in the market that they can capture. The sensory thinking maybe that someone of a rule book from — that pay book from Chevron. I think Chevron has always been a little bit more conservative on that. So do you think that there’s the opportunity for a company similar to Chevron that have a lot of global reach and more of a physical ones and have a knowledge edge over others. So is there an opportunity that we may be missing there for Chevron?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Well, Paul, what I would say is I think maybe your perception is a little bit miscalibrated from what I would describe. We have always had a global trading organization for many, many years, I used to run it. Pierre used to run it. And so we’re an active trader. We trade in a certain way. And I’ll give you the three-word kind of overarching description, we flow, optimize and trade. So the first role of our commercial organization is to ensure our barrels and molecules flow to the market.
The second is to optimize assets, ships, market positions, market knowledge and be sure we get the most value out of our system that we possibly can. And then the third responsibility is to trade. And we do third-party training, we do what we call Quad 4 trading. On a regular basis, we make money at it, and we have very talented people in our organization, too. We also have good risk management systems to ensure that we understand what we’re doing. So I wouldn’t describe us as not being a trader. And I don’t know if there’s a definition, I think you used the word conservative. Look, we’re a trader, but we do it in the order that I just described and have done it for a long time on a global basis. So it’s a contributor to our earnings, and we continue to look to grow that part of our business.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hey, the only thing I would add, Paul, to Mike’s answer is shareholders and investors don’t own Chevron or like companies for trading earnings. They tend to be volatile. I think the multiples on trading earnings historically have been very low. In fact, most of the large trading houses are private companies. So Mike described exactly what our strategy is. It works within the framework of a resource company and a refining and petrochemicals company where investors are owning us for safely and reliably delivering energy having the commodity price exposure. And yes, if we can enhance that with trading results, that’s great, but we’re not going to lead with trading.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Paul.
Paul Cheng — Scotiabank — Analyst
Okay, thank you.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from Sam Margolin with Wolfe Research.
Sam Margolin — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Good morning, thank you. I just wanted just a clarification question on something you said about the Permian, because I think it’s important. In the NOJV section, because you stack royalties with the NOJV acreage, your growth rate in the NOJV portion actually exceeds the growth rate of your partners as they report it. Is that — that’s the correct interpretation, right? That’s what we’re trying to communicate?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I mean our — because we not only get our working interest production out of that, but because we also have — and we have relatively high working interest in most of our — these ventures. So it’s not dissimilar to the working interest of the operator in most cases. But then we also have royalty advantage and we — and we account for that or we report that to you through that NOJV. What we describe as royalty barrels are pure royalty. We’ve got no capital. We’ve got no working interest. We’re just collecting royalty as the landowner. But you’re correct in your interpretation there, Sam. That is why our NOJV is growing a little faster than our co-op production for the same levels of activity.
Sam Margolin — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Okay. Thanks. And then just as a follow-up. This is on capital allocation and I understood that you have the range out there in the buyback, but the range is pretty substantial, and there is a decision to make right now about where to be within the range, about whether to preserve cash for an opportunity that might come in the downturn, if that’s what looks like it’s on the horizon or whether to stay at the top end because we’re in sort of a market equilibrium in the commodity environment, and you feel good about the pace. And I’m not asking you to predict the future, but it would be great to sort of hear your thoughts directionally about the value of kind of preserving cash on the balance sheet for any day or maintaining a faster pace? Thanks.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I’m going to invite Pierre to say a couple of words. But Sam, we tried to lay out a couple of cases in Investor Day that showed you in two different price environments what our capacity was to operate and be within the range and with a low breakeven to cover our capex and dividend with a lot of surplus cash already on the balance sheet and then with the very low net debt — low debt levels that we have. We’ve got plenty of capacity. Pierre, maybe you can just give a thumbnail recap on the scenarios to booking them for Sam.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, in our Investor Day, we looked at the high-case and low-case scenarios and our guidance right now is towards the high end. And let me just first be clear that we don’t intend to hold $15-plus billion of cash on our balance sheet. We can run the company at $5 billion, and this is surplus cash. And this is cash that is temporarily on the balance sheet. It will be redistributed and redeployed to shareholders over time depending on the scenario and the price of both scenarios had us working down that surplus cash because it’s economically inefficient for us hold it, and it’s not our cash, it’s our shareholders’ cash. We want to return it through the cycle in a steady way, not pro-cyclically. So that’s why it’s accumulating. We’ve paid off all our debt economically, but it’s a timing effect. And we showed certainly in the low-side case, which averaged about a $60 Brent that we could continue buybacks near the low end of the range, and we can do that on by taking surplus cash down. And then also using some of our excess debt capacity because we’re well below our 20% to 25% net debt ratio. So we’d want to work towards that low end of that guidance range of 20%, again, to get to a more efficient capital structure.
In terms of keeping cash for rainy or strong — we’re always going to maintain a strong balance sheet. We’ve been in this business for decades and decades. We know that good times don’t last. We know that prices are cyclical. We want to manage that volatility for our shareholders. So our shareholders don’t have to worry about the commodity price because they’re going to get the dividend that Mike talked about that’s been growing for 36 consecutive years. That’s grown 6% annually for 15 years. They’re going to get that. And then through a cycle, as we approach a cycle, and we’re looking at the cycle coming up here, additional cash in a steady way, right now about 5% of our shares outstanding through the form of a buyback. And so that’s how we’re planning to manage the volatility for our shareholders. And we’ve talked about if M&A is implied in your question that we shown that we tend to use equity for M&A because there is — commodity prices are volatile. It creates a more stable deal structure. So our balance sheet will always be strong enough to enable us to not only manage commodity prices, but also make sure we’re positioned to do what we need to do. And I don’t need to remind you that we were the first to do a transaction coming out of COVID when we announced the acquisition of Noble Energy, and then we followed a year or so later and acquired Renewable Energy Group. Thanks, Sam.
Sam Margolin — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from John Royall with JPMorgan.
John Royall — JPMorgan — Analyst
Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. So can you talk about the general demand trends you’re seeing within your system? Are you starting to see any signs of weakness on the demand side? And if the answer is no, just curious on your views on what’s happened to spot refining margins globally, and what seems like still a relatively tight market.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, so John, a couple of thoughts, I guess. I’ll just go by the product commodities. I mean gasoline demand is essentially back to pre-pandemic levels. globally. Obviously, there are regional variations in this. We’re sitting in California here on this end of the call. We’ve had a very wet winter. And so the first quarter reflects an unusually wet season on the West Coast. In Asia, we see demand coming back, right, as economies continue to open up and mobility has increased, et cetera. But broadly speaking, gasoline flat. Diesel had kind of carried the complex through COVID and global demand has been at pre-pandemic levels for a while now. First quarter demand in ’23 is a touch lower than it was in first quarter of ’22. Could be an indicator of the beginning of some economic slowdown, but it’s certainly, I think, premature to conclude that. But diesel is maybe not leading the parade quite as strongly as it had been for the last couple of years.
Jet demand continues to grow. And it’s still below kind of pre-pandemic levels. China is the place, obviously, everybody has been paying attention to. Domestic travel up to nearly 90% of pre-COVID. Flights in and out of the country still well below that. And we see flights being scheduled. You see indicators that suggest travel will grow. You listen to the airlines and that certainly seems to be what they anticipate, but that’s in progress. So that’s a kind of a quick look across the product slate. I think margins reflect a couple of things. One, a year ago, we were in a period of recovering economies and we’re coming out of a period of rationalizing refining capacity around the world. And you can go to any part of the world and find refineries that had shut down that perhaps people expected would close one day, but it happened relatively quickly. And at the same time, you saw big growth projects that had been deferred because of the uncertainty relative to COVID. A year later here, you don’t see refineries closing at the same rate. We’ve seen refinery startups in the Middle East.
We’ve seen projects here in the U.S. and in Asia as well. So refining capacity coming into the system demand has moderated a little bit. Margins have come down. They’re still stronger than historic margins if you look out over a longer period of time, but trending back down towards mid-cycle. Pretty strong in the U.S., maybe under a little more pressure in Asia, but you got to think about the feedstocks in Asia, where they’re coming from, how they’re priced and how those markets are working. So I don’t see any big warning signs flashing, but certainly we’re paying close attention to it.
John Royall — JPMorgan — Analyst
Very helpful, Mike. Thank you. And then maybe sticking with the Downstream, and you mentioned California. Can you just talk about the new regulations in California around the potential for excess profit penalties, not sure if that’s exactly how to refer to it. But how much does that impact how you think about refining in California and your position in California and maybe the expected impacts on the broader market there?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. I’ll talk about it, sure. So the bottom line is this is now into a rule-making process. There’s no impact right now and it’s into kind of a bureaucratic phase. I think implementation is likely to take quite a while, and it’s hard to say exactly how it plays out. What started as an effort to create a windfall profits tax was unsuccessful because you need 2/3 of a vote in the legislature for new tax in California. That then modified into some other forms and ended up moving into the Energy Commission, where there will be a group established that will gather a lot of data and try to assess the profitability of industry against some standard, which I think is yet to be fully articulated. So this is going to take some time. It could potentially result in some sort of a fine or a penalty for margins or profits above a level, but I can’t tell you how it’s going to play out because it’s — there’s a lot of work to be done there. I guess the things that I would say are pretty predictable are maybe two. One, there are substantial new reporting requirements, and there’s a lot of data we’re going to have to produce. We’re happy to do that. We’ll work closely with the Energy Commission to make sure we get them the information that they’re requesting. And then the second is, I don’t think this does anything to encourage investment or new supply, which is really what’s needed in a marketplace commodity markets to bring prices down on average over time. In fact, I think it runs the risk of doing the opposite of discouraging investment, of decreasing supply over time, which if demand does not moderate, will tend to exacerbate volatility and over time probably result in, on average, higher levels of price. So that’s about all I know about it at this point, and we’ll watch it as it unfolds.
John Royall — JPMorgan — Analyst
Thank you.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, John.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from Doug Leggate with Bank of America.
Kaleinoheaokealaula Akamine — Bank of America — Analyst
Hey, good morning guys. This is Kalei on for Doug. Thanks for taking the question. The first one is on the new Permian disclosure. So you guys are forecasting flat royalty volumes. So I’m wondering, as that becomes a smaller part of the production mix, how is the cash margin from that asset affected going forward?
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Well, the royalty barrels have essentially an infinite margin. And so I think if you and Doug can do the math as it’s a slightly lower percentage than that will be a part offset, but there’s lots of other drivers that we’re doing to enhance margins. And we’ve shown return on capital employed near 30% at $60 Brent equivalent for our premium. So it’s a high-return low-carbon asset and the royalty barrels as you know come with virtually no cost, and that’s part of the advantage that we have.
Kaleinoheaokealaula Akamine — Bank of America — Analyst
Understood. I appreciate that, Pierre. My second question goes to TCO. Just wondering if we can get an update on timing of first oil from the new expansion projects and the dividend magnitude for 2023.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yes, so the expansion project, as I said, there’s a lot of turnarounds in activity, both this year and next year. And at our Investor Day, we laid out a bar chart that gave you an idea on production. The real I think the time, as I said earlier, when you’re going to see the production growth will manifest itself in 2024 because the next two years, we’ve got a lot of these turnarounds, ties-ins, et cetera, in place. So Pierre, you can guide on dividends.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
No change in our affiliate dividend guidance that we shared on the last call of $5 billion to $6 billion for the full year. That includes Tengiz and our other affiliates. We expect like last year a dividend in the second quarter that will be modest and then a larger dividend in the fourth quarter. TCO continues to hold more cash on its balance sheet to manage through both completing uncertainty around the project and around transport alternatives. But that cash will come back over time. It’s been performing very well. But we don’t give specifics on that by year. It’s embedded in our overall affiliate dividend guidance.
Kaleinoheaokealaula Akamine — Bank of America — Analyst
I appreciate that there’s still some turnarounds to work through. But as the production hit a steady state, what do you expect the dividend cadence to look like?
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
So as I said, last year, there was in two quarters. This year, again, it will be second quarter and fourth quarter, and we’ll just — it’s up to the TCO Board of Directors to make dividend decisions going forward. Hey, thanks for your questions.
Operator
Our next question comes from Josh Silverstein with UBS.
Josh Silverstein — UBS — Analyst
Hey, thanks, good morning, guys. Just curious about the pace of rig activity in the Permian. You guys are adding one per quarter this year [Indecipherable] to be to support growth next year. I’m just curious, as you continue looking forward into next year, do you need to add four more rigs next year to keep kind of that 10% growth pace? Is it less because you’re getting more efficient in the Delaware production? I’m just curious how you’re thinking about the step-up in activity going forward.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I mean we’ve pulled rigs down dramatically in 2020, and we didn’t want to surge back with everything all at once. And so we entered this year with 10. We expect to exit this year with 14 co-op rigs running. And I think consistent with the longer-term production profile that we’ve outlined, we got a big base business that does have decline underneath it. And so you’re going to expect us to add some additional rigs as we move into ’24..
Josh Silverstein — UBS — Analyst
Got it. And I know there’s a lot of activity stepping up across the rest of the kind of Lower 48, Haynesville, DJ. They’re a little bit more on the gassier side. I’m curious if you guys are pulling back any activity because they’re a little bit more gas prone in this price environment. Thanks.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
We’ve — we’re adding a rig in the Haynesville. We talked about that for a number of years building up to that activity. Gas prices are going to be volatile. And frankly, we need to get developing that resource. We have some offset operators. And so if we don’t get after it, it’s the time for us to do that. The DJ still has a heavy liquids component, no change in our plans. In fact, the DJ and Argentina are a couple of other areas where we expect production in the second half of the year to be higher where we’re increasing a little bit of activity. And again, all of that is within our existing capex budget
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Josh.
Operator
We’ll go next to Ryan Todd with Piper Sandler.
Ryan Todd — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Great, thanks. Maybe first off, just a quick follow-up on the comments earlier on and the question on trading, in the international downstream, your earnings were particularly strong this quarter. And I think in the slides there, there’s a $270 million other bar, positive other bar in chart there. Is that primarily trading? And anything to read on that going forward? Is that something that likely reverses or maybe some clarity there?
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
You’re right, we referred to it. I would not say it’s primarily. It’s a lot of factors and we pointed out to that. It’s consistent with how Mike described our trading business. And as all trading businesses are, it can be variable in future quarters. So it’s just one of many factors. It’s not primarily, but we wanted to cite it as one of the elements in that other variance.
Ryan Todd — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Thanks. And then maybe on the Permian, if you look back at the Permian, you’ve also — you obviously talked and at the Analyst Day, you talked about a variety of the shifts in the 2023 development plan versus 2022. I think — and you highlighted some more here today. I think we appreciate some of the near-term impacts. Can you talk at all to what some of the longer-term implications are of the shift to more single-bench development adjustments to pacing more shift towards New Mexico, et cetera. Does it have any impact on — like does the move to increased single-bench development have any impact on the productivity or recovery of other zones in the area? Does it change at all how you think about service infrastructure and logistics, how you think about resource depth in different parts of the portfolio over the long term?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Ryan, I would say not really. We’ve always been return seeking. And so this is all about optimizing the return we can get out of this asset over the long haul. We’ve tried to be thoughtful about surface infrastructure. We’ve tried to be thoughtful about drilling to keep surface infrastructure fully utilized, not over building it for peaks and then leaving it underutilized for long periods of time. And as we’re continuing to learn, the fundamental principles about optimizing return on investment continue to drive all of this activity. So as we learn more about benches, about communication, about productivity, as technology changes recovery factors, we will continue to apply all of those learnings. But the real objective remains the same. It’s not volume, it’s value and returns.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Ryan, and just as a reminder, the move to more single bench is in the Delaware Basin, right? Midland Basin 3/4 is multi-bench development.
Ryan Todd — Piper Sandler — Analyst
All right, thanks guys.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from Jason Gabelman with TD Cowen.
Jason Gabelman — TD Cowen — Analyst
Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. Sorry to go back to the Permian, but I’m going to ask another. I was wondering and I appreciate all the disclosures. They’re really helpful. But in terms of the non-op component of production, does the proportion stay relatively stable through your forecast period? I think you gave a forecast out to 2027 at the Analyst Day. Does the non-op proportion stay the same? Or do you have more operational barrels between now and ’27?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
It stays relatively similar, I would say, Jason. We can provide further insights on that as well. There’s not a big shift. We’re growing activity. As I mentioned earlier, we’re adding rigs and you got a pretty big base you’re adding in on top of. So those percentages don’t move a lot.
Jason Gabelman — TD Cowen — Analyst
All right, that’s helpful. And then just one accounting question. Depreciation fell decently quarter-over-quarter in upstream. What was that related to?
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Are you looking at it excluding special items, or…
Jason Gabelman — TD Cowen — Analyst
Yeah, if I look at the quarter-over-quarter Slide 7, upstream DD&A was positive $345 million.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, why don’t you follow up with Jake? That could be tied to some exploration activity.
Jason Gabelman — TD Cowen — Analyst
Okay, thanks.
Operator
We’ll take our next question from Biraj Borkhataria with Royal Bank of Canada.
Biraj Borkhataria — Royal Bank of Canada — Analyst
Hi there, thanks for taking my question. I wanted to ask about Namibia. You recently farmed in a few months ago. Could you just walk me through plans for the next 12 months or so what you’ve got penciled in? And then I’ve got a follow-up on something else. Thank you.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. So we’ve completed seismic acquisition in Namibia at the end of February, and that’s being processed right now. And so I can’t really comment any further on that. We certainly are mindful of others who have had certain exploration success in the region, which is encouraging, but we need to do the work on that and then determine what the next steps are, which can include drilling exploration wells. So stay tuned on that as we got more information, we’ll share it with you, Biraj.
Biraj Borkhataria — Royal Bank of Canada — Analyst
Okay. And then just on a different topic, cost inflation because more and more, you hear some of the service providers talking about improving pricing and so on. So could you just comment on your latest thoughts and what you’re seeing on the cost inflation side outside of the Lower 48? Thank you.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. So really no change to our mid-single-digit inflation guidance in our current year capital spending. As you note, in the Lower 48, there are some areas where we planned for higher inflation and we’re seeing that. I’ll remind you that a lot of what we do in our procurement activities are longer-term contracts that are either fixed priced or index-based. We’ve got detailed cost models to challenge price increases. We commit volumes to certain things over longer periods of time to try to create a win-win between us and our suppliers. And so we’ve not seen some of the cost push-through that you would see if you were buying services or commodities inputs on a spot basis or then current basis because we manage that activity differently. For instance, on offshore rigs, we’re fully contracted for this year. We came into the year with three rigs working in the Gulf of Mexico. They’re generally below current market rates. And so I think we’re managing this well. The one thing I would say is given these kind of index-based contracts, there are periodic reviews where we will reset based on market indicators. And so in the second quarter in certain parts of our business, we’ll be going through this with some of our partners, and we’ll see some resets on there that will probably reflect a little bit of the inflation that I referred to earlier that’s already built into our plans. But I think we’re managing all that within the range that is embedded in the guidance we’ve given you.
Biraj Borkhataria — Royal Bank of Canada — Analyst
Thank you very much.
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Biraj.
Operator
Thank you. We’ll take our last question from Neal Dingmann with Truist Securities.
Unidentified Participant — — Analyst
Hi, this is Patrick [Phonetic] on behalf of Neil Dingman. For my question, it’s with respect to Venezuelan exports. I know previously, you made mentioned of really no further capital investments in Venezuela. What we’re curious to know is, is there a maximum threshold of exports and sales that you’re anticipating out of Venezuela?
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Is there a maximum — I mean, it’s limited by our position there and the entities that we’re involved in and what our portion of that production that we’re entitled to market is. We’re currently seeing about 100,000 barrels a day of production up from about 50,000 when the license terms changed. That can go up further this year, maybe another 50% if everything goes well. The crude comes to the U.S., and we’re finding a market for the crude. And yes, it’s a six-month license from OPEC, and we have to bear that in mind. So that’s why we are proceeding, as you said, which is we’ve got some past receivables that are being paid from some of these proceeds and there’s a lot of relatively straightforward workover and other activity that can help bring production up at — without major capital commitments. And so that’s the current model. We’ll see how things unfold and hopefully pointed in a good direction, but it’s been a bit of an up and down situation, and we have to — we just have to take this one step at a time.
Unidentified Participant — — Analyst
Good stuff there. I guess just as a follow-up, would there be — are you exploring that six-month term. Are you looking to extend that at all or is it too early to be negotiated [Indecipherable].
Michael K. Wirth — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
That’s a decision made by the U.S. Government. It’s not really a negotiation. It’s their decision, and it’s a policy matter. We’re asked for input and so we provide input on these things. But for the last several years, these things have had relatively short time lines associated with them. And so we’re in full compliance with all the conditions of the sanctions and intend to stay that way. And we’ll just see how the policy making turns out.
Pierre R. Breber — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
This is Pierre. I’m going to go back to Jason’s question. So yes, lower depreciation is really three drivers. Some of it was the absence of some abandonment accruals that were in the fourth quarter. So you can view those as sort of nonrecurring. And then some of it is due to new rates. So each year, we revised our depreciation rates based on additions to proved reserves, and those rates are a little bit lower. And then, of course, first quarter production was a little bit lower than fourth quarter production. So lower volumes also contributed to that lower depreciation.
Jake Spiering — General Manager of Investor Relations
I would like to thank everyone for your time today. We appreciate your interest in Chevron and your participation on today’s call. Please stay safe and healthy. Katie, back to you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]