Comerica Incorporated (NYSE:CMA) Q1 2023 Earnings Call dated Apr. 20, 2023.
Corporate Participants:
Kelly Gage — Senior VP & Director of IR
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Analysts:
Steven Alexopoulos — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Ebrahim Poonawala — BofA Securities — Analyst
Manan Gosalia — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Peter Winter — D.A. Davidson. — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Hello, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Comerica First Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions].
I would now like to turn the conference over to Kelly Gage, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Kelly Gage — Senior VP & Director of IR
Thanks, Liya. Good morning, and welcome to Comerica’s first quarter 2023 earnings conference call. Participating on this call will be our President, Chairman and CEO, Curt Farmer; Chief Financial Officer, Jim Herzog; Chief Credit Officer, Melinda Chausse; and Chief Director of Banking, Peter Sefzik.
During this presentation, we’ll be referring to slides, which provide additional details. The presentation slides and our press release are available on the SEC’s website as well as in the Investor Relations section of our website comerica.com. This conference call contains forward-looking statements. And in that regard, you should be mindful of the risks and uncertainties that can cause actual results to vary materially from expectations. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this presentation, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements. Please refer to the safe harbor statement on today’s earnings release on Slide 2, which is incorporated into this call, as well as our SEC filings for factors that can cause actual results to differ. Also, this conference call will reference non-GAAP measures. And in that regard, I will direct you to the reconciliation of these measures in the earnings materials that are available on our website, comerica.com.
Now I’ll turn the call over to Curt, who will begin on Slide 3.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining our call. Today, we reported first quarter earnings per share of $2.39, driven by continued loan growth, a favorable rate environment and effective management of balance sheet, credit and capital.
Despite the recent industry disruption, we affirm the strength of our core deposit base by successfully retaining our relationships. While we saw some deposit pressure, it was predominantly localized and very manageable. Our prudent risk management had us well prepared. Our effective liquidity strategy allowed us to remain laser-focused on seamlessly supporting customers as we open a significant number of new accounts.
We remain focused on business as usual, winning new opportunities, attracting talent, underwriting credit and expanding relationships. We believe our strong deposit franchise is now even more attractive and stable with a lower percentage of uninsured excess deposits and less concentration with price-sensitive customers. Moving to a summary of our results on Slide 4.
Broad-based loan growth and increased non-interest income exceeds expectations. Credit remained a key strength for the quarter, and although we saw modest migration, we were starting from very low levels. Despite some pressures related to funding costs and expenses, we maintained a solid efficiency ratio and produced a robust ROE and Tier 1 capital ratio.
Complementing our compelling financial results, we achieved significant milestones, including our new partnership with Americas[Phonetics], aimed at further elevating our wealth management customer experience, digital tools and capabilities. The launch of our new investment banking group and the national expansion of our small business banking platform strengthened our solutions for customers throughout their life cycle. Further, these initiatives advance the priority of increasing our mix of noncapital consuming fee income.
Turning to Slide 5. We generated earnings of $324 million or $2.39 per share in the first quarter. Average loans grew almost $1.1 billion. Average deposits decreased $3.5 billion due primarily to normal first quarter seasonality and customer utilization of funds related to monetary actions. Credit quality outperformed with net recoveries in our criticized loan percentages remained well below our historical average. Expenses were elevated due to pension and several larger notable items, but we maintained a solid efficiency ratio. At all, we retained our strong capital position with an estimated CET1 ratio of 10.09%. It was a remarkable quarter for Comerica, and I’m excited about our future and our ability to support our customers while delivering compelling results for our shareholders.
And now I’ll turn the call over to Jim, who will review the quarter in more detail.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Thanks, Curt, and good morning, everyone. Turning to Slide 6.
Broad-based loan growth exceeded expectations as average balances increased 2%. Commitments grew across most business lines, up 2% from the fourth quarter of 2022. Utilization increased modestly to 46%, but remained below historical averages. Growth in our commercial real estate business of over $640 million continue to be driven largely by construction of multifamily and industrial projects originated over the last two years in addition to the slower pace of payoffs. Our commercial real estate strategy remains highly selective with a focus on Class A projects, and our office exposure is limited. National Dealer Services loans grew over $360 million as a result of new relationships and continued customer M&A. Both management and middle market also contributed to our strong loan growth. Elevated interest rates, lack of housing inventory and normal seasonality continue to pressure mortgage banker as average loans declined $184 million for the quarter. The MBA forecast expects higher volumes in the second and third quarters, consistent with the normal spring and summer buying season.
Slide 7 provides an overview of our deposit activity. Quarter-to-date deposits through the first week of March trended in line with guidance as customers continue to deploy funds into their business and we experienced expected seasonality. Following the March industry events, excess balance diversification efforts by our customers further impacted deposits. We saw our peak impact in the days immediately following, concentrated in certain customers with balances well in excess of their operational needs. Outflows moderated and in the last two weeks of March, we saw a return to a more normal pattern, and that trend has continued. The greatest outflows were localized in select portfolios with a muted impact across the rest of our businesses. Despite on-boarding new customers in TOS, balances decline as this disruptive sector diversified deposits.
Portfolios with larger-than-average deposit relationships, such as corporate banking and select customers in Middle Market California, also saw diversification within a portion of their excess balances. These three business lines saw disproportionately high deposit growth through quantitative easing and much of the decline offset that increase. Utilization of an FDIC reciprocal deposit product was an effective strategy. And through quarter end, our customers placed $2 billion in balances in that solution. Deposit diversification efforts were concentrated in more price-sensitive customers, and the increase in deposit pricing to 152 basis points was driven by the cumulative impact of previous pricing changes. Our strategic relationship focus was proven successful as we retained and in fact grew our total number of core deposit relationships.
Slide 8 highlights the strength of our core deposit franchise. It is important to note how elevated deposit levels have been since 2020. With that context, our current position is much stronger than prior to the pandemic as we have higher overall deposits, a better loan to deposit ratio and a lower percentage of uninsured deposits. Some look to uninsured deposits as the primary metric to detect risk of elevated outflows. However, we believe a more comprehensive view is appropriate. As a commercial bank, it is natural to have a higher relative percentage of uninsured deposits, the majority of which are non-interest bearing, which we view as a key strength and a proxy for operating accounts.
With 95% of our commercial noninterest-bearing deposits utilizing treasury management services and an average of more than seven treasury management products for a middle market customer, we are integrated with our customers’ daily operations. We feel our market and business diversification, favorable deposit mix, commercial orientation and connectivity into our customers’ operations combined to create greater relative stability in our deposit base. We see opportunities to even further improve the resiliency of our deposits, including strategic investments underway to enhance payments, digital customer transformation and wealth management. In addition to our national small business banking strategy, which should drive granular deposit growth over time. Ultimately, our deposit base has always been and continues to be a differentiating strength and we expect even more stability with a more favorable level of uninsured and a high percentage of operating deposits.
Successful execution of our liquidity strategy proved effective as shown on Slide 9. Following the industry events in March, we conservatively increased our cash position and our abundant liquidity allowed uninterrupted support of our customers and business as usual operations. Our quarter end loan to deposit ratio was 85% remaining below our 15 year average, and very light unsecured funding maturities create flexibility to manage funding needs in cash levels over time.
Period-end balances in our securities portfolio on Slide 10 declined over $700 million as paid down some maturities offset the positive mark to market adjustment of $309 million. The total unrealized loss after tax of $2.1 billion affects our book value but not our regulatory capital ratios. Our security strategy remains unchanged, as we start reinvesting in the third quarter of 2022. From that peak through the end of 2024, we expect natural portfolio attrition of approximately $4 billion and a 40% improvement in unrealized securities losses. We maintain our entire portfolio is available for sale, providing full transparency and management capability. As our portfolio is pledged to enhance our liquidity position, we do not foresee any need to sell our portfolio and therefore unrealized losses should not impact income.
Turning to Slide 11. Net interest income decreased $34 million to $708 million, as the benefit of higher rates in loan volume were offset by the impact of lower deposit balances, deposit pricing and fewer days. We still saw a net positive impact due to rising rates and net interest income remained incredibly strong relative to our historical results.
Slide 12 demonstrates our desirable interest rate sensitivity profile. Successful execution of our strategy and the current composition of our balance sheet favorably position us with minimal negative exposure to a gradual 100 basis points or 50 basis points on average decline in interest rates. As intended, our strong net interest income stream is now more insulated from rate reductions.
Credit quality continues to be a strength of our franchise and remained excellent, as outlined on Slide 13, with $2 million in net recoveries. Non-accrual loans declined and inflows to non-accruals remained low at $9 million. Loan growth and the weakening economic outlook drove the $30 million provision and the allowance for credit losses to increase modestly to 1.26%. Criticized loans increased but remained well below historical levels, as we saw expected credit normalization and portfolios prone to pressure from the elevated rate environment. Office is not part of our primary strategy, only making up 7% of our total commercial real estate line of business. Of this limited office exposure, a majority of suburban with strong contractual financial support from sponsors. Within the overall commercial real estate portfolio, pressure from the elevated rate environment contributed to a modest increase in criticized loans, and we expect continued manageable migration in the coming quarters.
Robust fee generation increased non-interest income by $4 million relative to a seasonally high fourth quarter 2022, as shown on Slide 14. Capital markets income grew $5 million and as now distinguished in our reporting to reflect the investment and opportunity in that business. Derivative income in investment banking offset the seasonal lighter quarter for syndication fees. Brokerage benefited from the rate environment and strategic private wealth investments contributed to growth in fiduciary income. Continued expansion of our noncapital consuming fee income remains a priority. And with growth in nearly every customer category, we are excited to see the results from this emphasis.
Turning to expenses on Slide 15, we had a number of notable expenses in the quarter, including $16 million related to modernization initiatives, $9 million of which were attributable to the Ameriprise transition. While litigation-related expenses and operating losses were elevated, the largest drivers related to isolated events. Quarter-over-quarter, non-salary pension expense increased $17 million, as expected. Salaries and benefits increased $8 million, driven by higher stock-based compensation with first quarter grants, inflationary pressures and attracting talent. FDIC insurance increased $6 million, driven by the higher statutory assessment rate and the impact of funding late in the quarter. Occupancy came down $12 million with a reduction in lease termination fees, lower rental expense and a seasonal change in property tax rates. Both consulting and advertising declined in the seasonally high fourth quarter. With a track record of proven discipline, we are committed to carefully managing expenses, balancing necessary investments for the future and overall earnings power in order to maintain a solid efficiency ratio over time.
Slide 16 provides details on capital management. Strong profitability continued to generate significant capital to support loan growth. Our CET1 is estimated at 10.09%, above our target, and we were excited to announce a 4% increase in our quarterly dividend for common stock paid April 1. Our conservative excess cash position impacted our tangible common equity ratio, adjusting for our cash increase we’ve increased over the fourth quarter in AOCI. Our first quarter TCE ratio would have increased to 9.47%. Expected loan growth, profitability and any potential regulatory changes will continue to be carefully considered as we manage our capital strategy.
Our outlook for 2023 is on Slide 17 and assumes no significant changes in the economic environment. We expect momentum, especially in our commercial real estate and national dealer services business to drive average 2023 loan growth of 8% to 9%. We continue to expect growth in most businesses, but plan to be appropriately selective supporting opportunities most aligned with our target credit, pricing and relationship strategy. Our estimated average year-over-year deposit decline of 12% to 14% assumes continued stabilization and reflects the impact from Fed monetary actions that began last year in addition to the first quarter industry events.
Despite the impact of funding, we still project net interest income to be at an all-time high, growing 6% to 7% over a record 2022 performance. Through effective execution of our balance sheet strategy and based on our current composition, we delivered on our objective to limit rate exposure and protect a high level of net interest income. Credit quality has been excellent, and we expect it to remain strong. We continue to forecast net charge-offs at the lower end of our normal 20 to 40 basis points range and expect a gradual normalization and credit metrics.
We expect strong non-interest income performance to drive 6% to 7% growth over 2022. Customer-related income is projected to increase particularly in card due to our payment strategy and fiduciary income, which benefits from rates and investments in wealth management. Risk management income related to our internal hedging position is forecasted to increase relative to 2022, but will vary over time as rates move. FHLB dividends created a new tailwind in this quarter. Since we do not expect to repeat the elevated derivative volumes from 2022, we expect the year-over-year derivative delta to offset positive momentum in other capital markets categories.
A reduction in our deposit service charges is expected due to an increase in commercial account ECA rates and adjustments to our retail NSF fees, more than offsetting growth in core treasury management income. With robust overall non-interest income performance in the first quarter exceeding seasonally high fourth quarter results, we feel very good about our momentum. Despite elevated expense pressures in the first quarter, we maintained our 7% guidance for 2023 expense growth, considering expected adjustments to select discretionary expenses. Even after including the expenses related to the Ameriprise transition, we still expect modernization to be lower in 2023 compared to 2022. We acknowledge the dynamic nature of the current environment and plan to assess the longer-term implications of the March disruption. With a culture of prudent management, we expect to manage expenses as appropriate based on the new environment.
In summary, we expect strong overall financial performance and forecast record net interest income for 2023.
Now, I’ll turn the call back to Curt.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Thank you, Jim. Slide 18 highlights our compelling story. Risk management decisions made over the last several years prepared us to emerge from the recent disruption in a strong position. We were resilient. We built liquidity. We protected relationships, and we grew our customer base. It was a great quarter for our company. Broad-based loan growth and robust non-interest income exceeded expectations, and credit quality remained excellent. We produced an ROE of over 24% and an ROA of 1.52%, and we feel very good about our outlook.
Comerica has long had one of the most enviable deposit franchises. And now it’s even better with lower uninsured deposits, improved granularity and less price sensitivity. In addition, we have a loyal blue-chip customer base, robust fee income, balanced interest rate exposure, strong capital and an impactable reputation for credit. We are diversified in great markets to support our strategy. And I’d be remiss if I didn’t mention our tenured and tenacious colleagues who partnered extraordinarily well with our customers. Banking is based on trust, trust we have in our customers and trust our customers have in us. I feel this period has proven the strength of our relationship model and reaffirmed Comerica’s stable foundation as a trusted banking partner into the future.
Thank you for your time, and now we’d be happy to take your questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
[Operator Instructions] And we will first go to the line of Steven Alexopoulos with J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Good morning, Steve.
Steven Alexopoulos — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Good morning, everyone. So no surprise I want to start on the deposit side. First, the color you provided on the slide is really helpful. I’m curious, when we look at the decline in the deposits from March 9 through the end of the quarter, I’m surprised that TOS specifically wasn’t a beneficiary of the SBB situation. And even when I look at the decline in corporate mid market, I’m again surprised because I would have thought the company would have been somewhat report to start, right? I mean, you’ve been in markets for decades. You’ve been with customers for decades. Could you take us behind the scenes? What did you hear from your customers during this time in each of those? And why were they moving balances away from the company?
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Steve, this is Peter. So I would tell you that in the very beginning, for sure, we actually took on a lot of accounts. And Curt mentioned in his remarks that we opened a number of accounts from customers that were wanting to come to Comerica from the other banks that had failed. So during that time, we definitely took on new customers, I think, the average balance probably is just not intact. But on the whole, we saw some departures. Some of that is because we’ve got a lot of late stage also which a lot of late stage TOS customers are going to have more deposits, but not as much credit. And so that’s where you did see some diversification wanting to occur at that level.
But net-net, if you look at our TOS slide in the back, we have seen deposits coming down in that space going back to second quarter of last year really. So what’s occurred, I think, in the space in general has been burning through cash. So we saw that, but we didn’t necessarily think that we would be taking on excess deposits fleeing from SCB coming to us out of this deal. We did take on more accounts and we definitely saw that. We also saw during the period, as I mentioned already, late-stage fleeing, but we saw some accounts sort of spreading across not just to us, but other banks as well out of TOS so.
Steven Alexopoulos — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
What about corporate and mid-market?
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Yes. Same thing there, Steve. I think on the corporate side — on our corporate business, that’s our sort of national business of banking large corporates. We saw diversification there as well. And then in middle market, it was mostly in California. So again, we haven’t lost in just about all of the [Indeipherable] we have not lost customers. We have just seen diversification of excess balances that they had. So we believe that there’s opportunities for those to return in the future. We’re not relying on that. But we still have relationships with these customers. We mostly have just seen diversification. So that’s really what we’ve seen in those free businesses that we’ve got outlined on the slide.
Steven Alexopoulos — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Okay. That’s helpful. And then on the noninterest bearing, so you saw a pretty sharp drop in the quarter. We just anticipated somewhat, right? Because of seasonal factors. But given everything that just unfolded, where do you see that mix now bottoming? Where is the timeframe for that?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Steve, it’s Jim. I’ll take that question. We still think that we are likely to end up very close to 50%. We did see most of the drop occurred in the DDA space over the course of the quarter. That was not a surprise to us at all. As rates continue to go up with new customers, we continue to be more rate sensitive, we knew that a lot of research balances that we have are still more in DDA than interest-bearing. We knew a lot of the seasonal outflows relative to what came in the second half of ’22 were likely buried in the DDA. In fact, that’s where they were.
And then we did have some customers that switched over using some FDIC products that have been in DDA, but for safety reasons, they were attracted to the FDIC products, which pay a nice rate of interest. So all those things moved us closer to the 50% number. We still think we’re going to end up right around there. We moved a lot closer to it during the course of the quarter. And so we still expect to have really one of the strongest ratios of noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits amongst all our peers if not well above our closest peers. So we still feel really good about noninterest-bearing.
Steven Alexopoulos — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Okay. Great. Jim, if I could ask you one last question, which is somewhat theoretical. But so interest-bearing deposit costs are 1.5%. If we — if the Fed does start cutting rates in the second half of this year but the rates you’re paying are still well below market rates, how do you model this impacting your deposit cost, right? I mean, do market rates need to move below or close to what you’re paying before you could start lowering deposit rates yourself? I don’t recall other periods where the banks were this far out of the money with what they’re paying and the Fed could potentially sort of lowering market rates. What do your models show you in terms of how this would flow through to your interest-bearing deposit cost? Thanks.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Yes. Well, of course, we do expect rates to continue to go up, but relative to what might happen when rates go down. It’s important to remember that we have a pretty wide distribution of rates paid to a variety of customers. So I don’t really view that average is a typical customer. We have a lot that are well below that range, a lot that are well above that rate. So each one of those is going to respond differently. But we do think that there is some degree of something in the betas that we pay on the way up and the way down. The key is that there likely is a couple of months laying two to three months laying when rates start to come down before we can really respond to that drop. There’s just the same leg that we saw on the way up, but ultimately, we do think we’ll be able to start cutting pay rates if in fact the fed makes some material moves.
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Yes, we would always be sensitive to obviously the competitive landscape and what other institutions are doing as well and making sure that we’re taking care of our customers appropriately.
Steven Alexopoulos — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Got it. Thanks for taking my questions.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Thanks, Steve.
Operator
Next, we go to Ebrahim Poonawala. Please go ahead.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Ebrahim, good morning.
Ebrahim Poonawala — BofA Securities — Analyst
Good mornings. I guess just on deposits. So you mentioned the excess deposit diversification played a role in the quarter. One, give us a sense of like, how much of your deposit base or NIB within noninterest-bearing that you would consider operational versus excess? And do you see some of that still continuing as businesses? And would love some perspective around just from a customer base standpoint in terms of small businesses, treasurer, CFOs actively thinking about diversifying. Like is that trend done? Or do we — do you still expect that to continue? Maybe if you can start there, yes.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Yes, Good morning, Ebrahim. I’ll take that, and Peter may want to add on. In terms of what percentage were noninterest-bearing or operational, we view them as largely operational. In fact, 95% of our noninterest-bearing are tied to treasury management products. So from that standpoint, it is a largely operational base. Now there are fluctuations in terms of how much they need to put in those noninterest-bearing accounts to take care of operational needs and what they can leverage from an ECA standpoint. And they’re probably is still just a little bit of excess in there, which is why we see the ratio coming down from 52% to 53% down to around 50%. But we think largely that attrition is gone. In terms of where the diversification efforts might go, things seem pretty settled down right now, and I think that’s going to depend largely on just what happens to the industry in terms of other events that might happen. But for now, it does feel like the diversification efforts have largely settled down, and those are the trends that we’ve seen over the last two to three weeks, three to four week season.
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Yes, I would agree with that, Ebrahim. This is Peter. And I would just also continue to point to where we saw most of the diversification occur. And you mentioned small business. In our retail franchise, small business, business banking, middle market, most of those businesses really had not seen the diversification issue. It’s been sort of business as usual, if you will. People using deposits for running their businesses or and what and so forth. But the strength of the rest of our deposit base is something that we are really, really proud of and are going to continue to lean into and so I think Jim is exactly right. We feel like the diversification efforts, if you will, at this point, have pretty much stabilized.
Ebrahim Poonawala — BofA Securities — Analyst
Noted. And I guess maybe just another question Jim around the outlook for NII, NIM. I was wondering if you could give a sense of the trajectory that saw 67% year-over-year growth. How do you see quarterly NII and NIM trending from your 1Q levels?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Ebrahim, I’m going to probably refrain from giving, as I often do from specific NIM percentage guidance. I think this example is a great — this quarter is a great example of why we don’t like to give that. With our business model being a commercial bank, we do see some variations in a number of line items, cash securities, etc. And in this particular quarter, we did put a lot of safety net level of cash onto the balance sheet, which does put a drag on NIM percentage and it just creates a kind of a noncorrelation between the numerator and denominator. We just don’t see them going in the same direction or correlating very well. So the NIM percentage I’m shying away from still. We’re obviously probably moving towards the low-3s, but I wouldn’t want to get more specific than that. And I would just stick to the percentage guidance that we gave for the quarter and the full year.
Ebrahim Poonawala — BofA Securities — Analyst
But Jim, if rates don’t get cut, do you expect fourth quarter NII to be the low point for the year in terms of as we think about the exit?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
We, obviously, we are doing a little bit of a reset with the deposit runoff. And so we have the second quarter guidance out there. We actually have net interest income probably growing slightly quarter-to-quarter after that. That’s a function of loan growth primarily. And we do expect to get some degree of seasonal deposits probably later in the second half of the year, and that’s beyond the day impact that you might get. So we do think that we’re going to be in a positive trajectory from the second quarter on. We’re just essentially resetting that baseline in the second quarter.
Ebrahim Poonawala — BofA Securities — Analyst
That’s helpful. Thank you.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Thank you.
Operator
Next, we have a question from Manan Gosalia with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Manan Gosalia — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Good morning, Manan. Hey, good morning. Another question on deposits for you. You noted you’ve retained a lot of the relationships and only lost some of the, I guess, excess balances that people were holding. So in terms of the room to bring those deposits back, what is the strategy here? Is it just to pay up on rate or through ECR to bring those deposits back? Or is there anything else you can do? And is there a level of deposits you think would flow back once this volatility subside?
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Manan, its — this is Peter. The last part of your question, I’ll say is, yes, we believe there is a level of deposits that would flow back. I would say the Number 1 thing that we do is we talk to our customers pretty greatly. We continue to believe that we provide a better customer relationship, better service than other banks and quite often, it’s not unusual for people to come back to us because they don’t get the service that they wanted at another institution. So I think when we get to the other side of this, that will probably be the Number 1 reason we start to see deposits flow back. But I also want to iterate again, as Jim said, that’s not necessarily something we’re relying on in our outlook. We think that we will see it. But we believe that, that will just be a function of us providing great customer service. I don’t think we’re going to have to pay up for it necessarily or things like that.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Yes, I might just emphasize, too, Peter, I don’t believe that across all of our portfolios, this is probably less about rate and more about sort of two things. One is the sort of surge excess deposits flowing out that we saw during COVID, stimulus, PPP, etc. And we were expecting that in the quarter that we would lose some of that. And then those that have sought diversification, I think as the noise level settles down across the industry and things get back to normal, I think we’ve got a good opportunity at some of those deposits coming back on balance sheet. And we’re just staying very, very close to all those customers. They have access to our relationship managers, but also to any of us on the leadership team as well.
Manan Gosalia — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Got it. And then maybe to round out the discussion on the balance sheet, you added a lot more short-term and long-term debt this quarter to boost your liquidity. How should we think about the right level of liability mix outside of deposits and the right level of cash that you want to hold on the balance sheet going forward?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Yes. Those questions are connected to each other. Certainly, the level of cash that we hold will really be strongly correlated to what’s going on in the industry. We always want to make sure we have an abundant level of cash during turbulent times. So we have been comfortable with our targeted $3 billion level of cash prior to the disruption in the industry. Obviously, we pushed closer to $9 billion, as we have on the slide, on Slide 9. And we will hold there for some period of time until we’re sure the industry has passed some of this turbulence to. The extent we have loan growth, of course, we’ll see that start to go down.
On the funding side of the balance sheet, we started with very low levels of unsecured debt. As you can see on Slide 9, probably some of the lowest amongst our peers. So we felt like we were in very good shape to begin with. We have a lot of flexibility. We did draw on a lot of FHLB during the initial days of the crisis, which we thought was a very prudent thing to do. The good thing is we did that in a way that gives us tremendous flexibility. A lot of those maturities are latter, starting this year all the way through the next couple of years. And so we have the option as those maturities come up to either roll them over or let them just mature naturally. So we feel like we have a tremendous amount of flexibility, but it’s going to depend on the environment that will drive the amount of cash we have and the amount of funding that we have on the balance sheet. But we are starting from very low levels, and we feel really good about our current position. So we’re fortunate that we have that capability.
Manan Gosalia — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
And is that largely revenue neutral because you’re raising essentially close to the Fed funds rate and then you’re deploying that in cash?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
There is a modest strength on that. There’s probably 40 to 50 bp trade as I look at it. And that’s one of the reasons we shied away from NIM percentage guidance. I mean not only just cash simply capability to inflate or deflate the balance sheet. But whether that’s free cash coming in the form of deposits or it’s cash carrying a negative spread, that can make an impact on the NIM percentage, too. So baked into the outlook, we do have a fair amount of cash still there. And that’s one of the things that I look at as an opportunity as we move towards later in the year and into ’24, we’ll get past that modest amount of trade from the negative spread on the cash carry.
Manan Gosalia — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Great. Thanks for taking my questions.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Thank you.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Next we go to the line of Brody Preston with UBS. Please go ahead.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Good morning, Brody.
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Good morning, everyone. Could I just circle back on the NII guide. I just need — I was just hoping to get some help tying the 2Q, what the step down that you have for 2Q versus the full year guide. Just because if I try to run through the numbers quickly, it kind of looks like at the midpoint of the 2Q guide relative to the full year guide, you kind of expect like a 3% step up in the back half of the year on the quarterly NII run rate. And so can you help me understand sort of how we get there and how much of that assumption is driven by what you do with borrowings?
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Yes, there’s a little bit of play in there as you take the midpoints of those percentages. So I wouldn’t put the stuff up in the second half of the year quite at that level. There’s just a little bit of rounding trying to navigate those mid percentages that you mentioned. We do see a small step-up in the second half of the year. Some of that is days. Some of that is loan growth, a little bit of seasonal deposits we expect to come in. So you will see a very small step-up quarter-to-quarter as we go through the year, probably not quite at a level that you just mentioned, Brody.
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Okay. Okay. That’s helpful. And then I guess if I could just ask one more on the deposit front. And I’m sorry if somebody else asked this and I missed it. As you think about go forward on deposits and customer concentrations, and I’m thinking particularly as it relates to the TOS deposits, what are the kind of governance that need to be put in place going forward to kind of help navigate any future liquidity events? I’m not really talking near term because I don’t think a lot of us think that’s going to come to pass, but you never know what’s going to happen going forward. And so how should we think about the balance sheet flexibility in a stressed environment going forward?
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
Yes. Brody, what I would say is that we’ve been a bank for 174 years, and we’ve managed through lots of different cycles. And one thing that we’ve always kept central in our approach is our relationship focus. Many of these deposit relationships we’ve had for decades. And while we did see some deposit decline during this period of time, we did not see it as much in our core businesses, retail banking, small business, business banking, middle market, wealth management, etc. And so we’re going to continue to focus on those business lines. We will obviously have an opportunity, I think, to bring back some of the deposits that we lost along the way. But our focus on treasury management services, our focus is on small business and retail deposits. Those types of things will continue to be sort of key drivers for us. We can’t fully control when there’s an industry issue that unfolded like it did previously. But what we did control was we had a great liquidity playbook in hand and we were able to execute against that. And again, I think kind of on the back side of this, we do believe — it’s not in our modeling, but we do believe we have a chance to get some of these deposits back.
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Got it. And then just one more, just on the betas. And again, I’m sorry if somebody else asked this. But have you changed your thinking about your through-cycle beta at all? And have you changed how you think about like what your terminal beta would be just given the deposit volatility? And I guess I’m more trying to narrow down to the interest-bearing deposit beta, if you have any color around that?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Yes, Brody. We do see the betas going up above previous guidance. I think, we had been more in the mid-40s last time we gave an outlook. We now see that likely hitting the 50% point some time this summer and then kind of hanging out there, and then things get a little [Indecipherable] as rates start to go down with the lag that I mentioned earlier. But we will likely get up to around 50% some time in the early to mid-summer on an accumulated basis.
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Got it. And that’s interest bearing, right?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
That is pure interest bearing. All in.
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Got it. And I think you did say earlier that you do feel like on the way down, it might happen with a lag, but you do feel like you’d be able to pass through the same amount of beta to the downside that you passed through on the upside?
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
That’s right.
Brody Preston — UBS — Analyst
Okay. Great. Thank you very much for taking my questions everyone. I appreciate it.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Thank you, Brody.
Operator
And next we go to a question from Peter Winter with D.A. Davidson. Please go ahead.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Hey, good morning, Peter.
Peter Winter — D.A. Davidson. — Analyst
Good morning.I’ll switch gears on you and ask about credit. Could you give a little bit more color about the increase in criticized loans? I know you mentioned it’s interest-bearing with the higher rates that’s impacted. But if you could give a little bit more color on that?
And then secondly, on net charge-offs, is there much left in terms of recoveries?
Unidentified Speaker —
Yes. Peter, this is Melinda. So I’ll take the first one, the increase that we saw this quarter in criticized. I think Jim mentioned it or talked in his comments that it really was expected. I mean the reality is we’ve been bumping along the bottom here now for four or five quarters in exceptionally kind of non-sustainable levels. So [Indecipherable] couple of calls, I said we would expect to see some normalization just given all the inflationary pressures that customers have been dealing with. Certainly, the increase in interest rates. So those interest rate sensitive portfolios. Certainly, our leverage portfolio kind of core middle market technology and life sciences. And we did see credit migration this quarter in our commercial real estate book, a couple of hundred million. That is all special mention credit. I don’t see that migrating really to any kind of loss content. And that’s really on some projects that have pressure related to the rising interest rate environment and from a multifamily perspective, a little bit of softness in a couple of submarkets in terms of leasing rates and leasing pace. So that softness, coupled with the increased interest burden, caused a couple of those projects to move into that criticized category. But again, I do not see loss content in that commercial real estate book. We did increase our commercial real estate reserves this quarter just as a precautionary measure. But again, that commercial real estate book is predominantly multifamily and industrial, close to half of it is on the construction side, loan to cost in that book is generally in the 50% to 60% range. So there’s a tremendous amount of equity and room in those projects to hold a little bit longer should we need to.
Peter Winter — D.A. Davidson. — Analyst
And then just on the recoveries for net charge?
Unidentified Speaker —
Recovery. Yes, I called it the gift that [Indecipherable] and quite frankly, recoveries are almost impossible to predict. They’ve continued to surprise us really over the last four or five quarters. So at some point, we’re going to run off of that. But I would expect that we’ll still see modest levels, but declining of recoveries in the coming quarters. Mostly the charge-offs have been incredibly low as well. There’s not a lot to recover left.
Peter Winter — D.A. Davidson. — Analyst
Yes. And just one follow-up question. In the 10-K you had mentioned possibly looking at resuming buybacks, but I’m just wondering, just given all the uncertainty in the environment, is that kind of on hold for now on buybacks?
Peter Sefzik — Senior EVP & Chief Banking Officer
I would say buybacks are on hold until further notice. There is a lot of uncertainty in the environment, as you mentioned. Certainly, industry uncertainty. But perhaps even more importantly, regulatory uncertainty for all banks. We just don’t know where this is going. And we want to make sure that if there is any kind of regulatory change on the capital side that we can get there organically, which I believe very likely will be able to do. But I think caution is in order in that regard and so share buybacks certainly in the sidelines in the foreseeable future.
Peter Winter — D.A. Davidson. — Analyst
Great. Thanks for taking the questions.
James Herzog — CFO & Senior EVP
Thanks, Peter.
Operator
And I will now turn the call back over to Curt Farmer, President, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.
Curtis Farmer — Chairman, CEO & President
Let me just thank you again for your interest in Comerica, and I hope you have a good day. Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]