Deere & Company (NYSE: DE) Q2 2021 earnings call dated May. 21, 2021
Corporate Participants:
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Brent Norwood — Manager of Investor Communications
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Kristen Owens — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Jamie Cook — Credit Suisse – North America — Analyst
Jerry Revich — Goldman Sachs & Co. — Analyst
Rob Wertheimer — Melius Research — Analyst
Ross Gilardi — Bank of America – Merrill Lynch — Analyst
Joel Tiss — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
Ann Duignan — JPMorgan — Analyst
Steve Fisher — UBS (US) — Analyst
Mircea Dobre — Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc. — Analyst
Brett Linzey — Vertical Research — Analyst
Steve Volkmann — Jefferies & Co. — Analyst
Chad Dillard — Bernstein — Analyst
Nicole DeBlase — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Lawrence De Maria — William Blair & Company — Analyst
Tim Thein — Citigroup Global Markets — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Good morning, and welcome to Deere & Company’s Second Quarter Earnings Conference Call. Your lines have been placed on listen-only until the question-and-answer session of today’s conference.
I would like to turn the call over to Mr. Josh Jepsen, Director of Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Hello. Good morning. Also on the call today are Ryan Campbell, our Chief Financial Officer; Cory Reed, President of Production and Precision Ag; and Brent Norwood, Manager, Investor Communications. Today we’ll take a closer look at the second quarter earnings then spend some time talking about our markets and our current outlook for fiscal ’21. After that we’ll respond to your questions. Please note that slides are available to complement the call this morning. They can be accessed on our website. First, a reminder. This call is being broadcast live on the Internet and recorded for future transmission and use by Deere & Company. Any other use, recording or transmission of any portion of this copyrighted broadcast without the expressed written consent of Deere is strictly prohibited. Participants in the call, including the Q&A session, agree that their likeness and remarks in all media may be stored and used as part of the earnings call. This call includes forward-looking comments concerning the Company’s plans and projections for the future that are subject to important risks and uncertainties. Additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ materially is contained in the Company’s most recent Form 8-K and periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This call also may include financial measures that are not in conformance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America or GAAP. Additional information concerning these measures, including reconciliations to comparable GAAP measures is included in the release and posted on our website.
I’ll now turn the call over to Brent Norwood.
Brent Norwood — Director, Investor Relations
John Deere demonstrated strong execution in the second quarter, resulting in a 19.5% margin for the Equipment Operations. Ag fundamentals improved significantly throughout the first half of the year and the improved sentiment is reflected in the most recent status of our order books which extend through the rest of the year and in some cases, into fiscal year ’22. Meanwhile, markets for our Construction & Forestry segment also strengthened in the second quarter, leading to improved levels of profitability and a heightened outlook for the rest of the year.
Slide 3 shows the results for the second quarter. Net sales and revenue were up 30% to $12.058 billion while net sales for the Equipment Operations were up 34% to nearly $11 billion. Net income attributable to Deere & Company was $1.790 billion or $5.68 per diluted share. At this time, I’d like to welcome to the call Cory Reed, President of Production & Precision Ag for a discussion of the segment results and an update on the global ag environment. Cory?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Thanks, Brent. Let’s start with second quarter results for Production & Precision Ag on Slide 4. Net sales of $4.529 billion were up 35% compared to the second quarter last year primarily due to higher shipment volumes and price realization. Price realization in the quarter was positive by nearly 9 points while currency translation was positive by 2 points. Operating profit was just over $1 billion resulting in a 22% operating margin for the segment compared to a 17% margin for the same period last year. The year-over-year increase was driven by price realization and higher shipment volumes and sales mix. These items were partially offset by higher production costs.
With respect to price realization, the above-average results for the quarter were primarily driven by a few different factors. The primary driver of price came from significant mid-year adjustments made last year and this year for select foreign markets to offset unfavorable currency movements, which resulted in low double-digit price realization for markets outside of North America. North American list prices were up slightly above average and benefited from prices for new product launches during 2020. Lastly, the current low inventory levels across the industry have led to lower overall incentive spending, thus boosting net price realization. We do anticipate net price realization to moderate some in the second half of the year.
Shifting focus to Small Ag & Turf on Slide 5. Net sales were up 30% totaling $3.39 billion in the second quarter. The increase was driven primarily by higher shipment volumes, price realization and the favorable effects of currency translation. Price realization in the quarter was positive by nearly 6 points while currency translation was positive by 4 points. For the quarter operating profit was $648 million resulting in a 19% operating margin for the segment compared to an 8.7% margin for the same period last year. The year-over-year increase was due to higher shipment volumes and sales mix, price realization and the favorable effects of foreign currency exchange. These items were partially offset by higher production costs.
Before moving on to our industry forecast for regional ag markets, I’d like to first offer some perspective on the current global ag environment beginning on Slide 6. Over the course of the last nine months, fundamentals for large ag production systems have steadily improved driving stronger economic results for our customers and enhanced visibility for our equipment order books. Global stocks of grain have tightened significantly this year on account of multiple factors such as increased Chinese grain imports and recovery in ethanol usage and weather-related production losses in South America. For a second consecutive year, we expect grain and oilseed consumption to outpace supply, supporting fundamentals in the next marketing year. While government support is expected to decrease this year, principal crop cash receipts in the US are forecast to increase 30% with improvements in commodity prices more than offsetting the decline in government aid. In addition to higher cash receipts, US customer sentiment has benefited from better market access over the last few quarters with elevated exports to China. Given the positive environmental backdrop, order activity is up significantly and all of our large ag order banks are now complete through the end of the fiscal year for select product lines such as four-drives [Phonetic] and ADR tractors. We’re now taking orders for fiscal year ’22 and have visibility through the first half of the year.
Furthermore, we’ll open our early order program for planters and sprayers in June, which will yield some additional data points on demand for 2022. The current market dynamics coupled with production constraints for the industry point to a multi-year cycle for ag equipment. Current global inventory levels for both new and used equipment remain at historic lows, while the average age of the North American fleet is at its highest level in two decades. Even with double-digit growth expected for the industry in ’21, shipments of North American large ag equipment remain 40% less on average than the previous cycle. At this point in 2021, it’s clear that demand will carry over into subsequent years, due partially to limitation on the industries production capabilities.
Suppliers and logistics providers are currently stretched thin as economies begin recovering from the lows of the pandemic. Furthermore, labor markets are extremely tight delaying efforts to ramp up. To date, we have experienced frequent disruptions. However, our factory managers and supply management teams have done an extraordinary job keeping our production schedules mostly intact without yet resorting to material work stoppages. While many of these spot disruptions are on account of various supplies, procurement of semiconductor chips remains a significant risk to our production schedule for the remainder of the year. To date, our suppliers have worked diligently to ensure our products continue their vital role in providing food security and critical infrastructure. And we’re cautiously optimistic that they will continue to meet demand and help us ensure continuous service to our customers. In addition to supply constraints, we’re also managing through significant inflation for both raw materials and logistics, which will continue to hit us throughout the second half of the year.
Lastly, despite progress in the US with respect to the pandemic, COVID remains a challenge as we face disruptions to some of our foreign operations and supply base with India as the most recent example. As we’ve done since last March, we continue to work through these challenges ensuring safe working conditions for our employees and continuous support to our customers.
Before addressing our industry outlook, I’d like to first offer my gratitude to our employees and dealers who have worked through so many unique circumstances over the last year. We owe our results to the incredible efforts of our front-line employees who kept our factories running during the pandemic and managed to keep production schedules on time amidst various supply constraints. Similarly, our field employees and dealers keep finding ways to serve our customers and have gone above and beyond during this last year.
Slide 7, shows our industry outlook for ag and turf markets globally. In US and Canada, we expect industry sales of large ag equipment to be up roughly 25% for the year, reflecting improved fundamentals in the ag sector. At this point, we anticipate producing in line with retail demand for the year, keeping inventory levels relatively tight heading into fiscal year ’22. Meanwhile, we expect industry sales of small ag and turf equipment in the US and Canada to be up roughly 10%. Similarly, our shipment schedules imply production roughly in line with retail demand for most products.
Moving on to Europe. The industry is forecast to be up roughly 10% as higher commodity prices strengthened business conditions in the arable segment, offsetting some weaknesses in dairy and livestock. Our Mannheim tractor order book extends to the end of the fiscal year demonstrated continued progress towards executing our regional strategy focused on Large & Precision Ag.
In South America, we expect industry sales of tractors and combines to increase about 20%. The combination of higher commodity prices, strong production and a favorable currency environment have boosted profitability of farmers, driving orders through the remainder of the year. Despite limited government sponsored financing programs, private financing is more widely available this year and supporting continued strength in equipment demand. Industry sales in Asia are forecast to be up slightly though key markets for Deere such as India are performing slightly better.
Moving on to our segment forecast, beginning on Slide 8. For Production & Precision Ag, net sales are forecast to be up between 25% and 30% in fiscal year ’21. The forecast includes a currency tailwind of about 2 points and expectations of nearly 7 points of positive price realization for the full year. For the segment’s operating margin, our full year forecast is a range between 20% and 21% and contemplates consistent performance across the various geographical regions.
Slide 9, shows our forecast for the Small Ag & Turf segment. Net sales in fiscal year ’21 are forecast to be up between 20% and 25%. The guidance includes expectations for 3 points of positive price realization and a favorable currency impact of about 3 points. The segment’s operating margin is forecast to range between 16.5% and 17.5%.
I’ll now turn the call back to Brent.
Brent Norwood — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Cory. Now let’s focus on Construction & Forestry on Slide 10. For the quarter net sales of $3.079 billion were up 36%, primarily due to higher shipment volumes, price realization and the favorable effects of foreign currency translation. The quarter results were boosted by 4.5 points of positive price realization and a currency tailwind of about 4 points. Operating profit moved higher year-over-year to $489 million, resulting in a 15.9% operating margin due to higher shipment volumes and sales mix and price realization, partially offset by higher production costs. Also keep in mind that last year’s results included, employee separation and impairment cost totaling $85 million.
Let’s turn to our 2021 Construction & Forestry industry outlook on Slide 11. North American construction equipment industry sales are now forecast to be up between 15% and 20%, while sales of compact construction equipment are expected to be up between 20% to 25%. To date, end markets for earthmoving and compact equipment have benefited primarily from strength in the housing market as well as some recovery from trough conditions in the oil and gas sector. Additionally, we are beginning to see positive indicators for non-residential investment, as well as strengthening order activity from independent rental companies. Furthermore, current demand levels are still benefiting from the industry’s collective response of managing inventories tightly during the early days of the pandemic. In forestry, we now expect the industry to be up between 15% to 20%, as lumber demand remained very strong, particularly in North America.
Moving to the C&F segment outlook on Slide 12. Deere’s Construction & Forestry 2021 net sales are now forecast to be up between 25% and 30%. Our net sales guidance for the year includes expectations of about 3 points of positive price realization and a currency tailwind of about 2 points. We expect the segment’s operating margin to be ranged between 12% to 13% for the year benefiting from price, volume and non-reoccurring expenses from 2020.
Let’s move now to our Financial Services operation on Slide 13. Worldwide Financial Services net income attributable to Deere & Company in the second quarter was $222 million, benefiting from a lower provision for credit losses, improvement on operating lease residual values and more favorable financing spreads, while last year’s results included impairments on lease residual values. For fiscal year 2021, the net income forecast is now $800 million. The provision for credit losses forecast for 2021 is 9 basis points when compared to the average portfolio managed.
Slide 14, outlines our guidance for net income, our effective tax rate and operating cash flow. For fiscal year ’21, our full-year outlook for net income is now forecast to be between $5.3 billion and $5.7 billion. The guidance incorporates an effective tax rate projected to be between 23% and 25%. Lastly, cash flow from the equipment operations is expected to be in a range of $5.1 billion to $5.5 billion and contemplates a $700 million voluntary contribution to our OPEB plan. I will now turn the call over to Ryan Campbell for closing comments. Ryan?
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Brent. Before we respond to your questions, I’d like to offer a few thoughts on our financial results as well as address some of the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead. With respect to the results for the quarter, we are encouraged by the progress we’ve made in improving our structural profitability. While unit volumes for large ag equipment remain below prior cycles, we are achieving significantly higher levels of profitability. These favorable results are due in part to the work we’ve done over the last 18 months to reposition our organization. During that time, we’ve; one, reorganized the Company around production systems; two, taken significant strides towards optimizing our cost structure; and three, adapted our investment priorities to drive a greater focus — greater degree of focus on the products and solutions that are most differentiated and then unlock the highest economic value for our customers. Underlying this is the unique tech stack that we have built over the last two decades. We believe it is a combination of best-in-class products, best-in-class dealer channel and the tech stack that will drive the solutions that make our customers the most profitable and sustainable in the industry.
In addition to our new strategy, we are also benefiting from the improved fundamentals for our customers. Despite the broad economic challenges brought on by the pandemic, grain and oilseed consumption is outpacing supply and driving increased need for more productivity and efficiency by our customers. Furthermore, the market access challenges for last years have moderated, boosting customer sentiment and spring increased confidence in equipment investment. These improved fundamentals combined with an aged fleet and low inventory levels give us confidence that the investment cycle will continue beyond 2021. This dynamic is evidenced by order books for large tractors extending well into fiscal year 2022. While these operational and industry tailwinds are currently supporting our business, many challenges and risks remain, particularly with respect to our supply base, global logistics and COVID-related interruptions. As Cory highlighted, these risks have caused spot disruptions in production and we anticipate those to continue throughout the remainder of the year. However, the incredible effort of our production and supply management teams have allowed us to avoid lengthy stoppages to date.
One risk, I’d like to again highlight relates to the supply of semiconductors, which is experiencing a global shortage. To date, our suppliers have worked closely with us to provide enough supply to allow us to provide our essential equipment without significant disruption. Our forecast contemplates a continuation of this trend. This is important in order to help ensure we keep our customers fully operational and meeting the growing need for grain, oilseed and critical infrastructure. In addition, prices for key raw materials such as steel have significantly increased over the last quarter. Freight and logistics costs have also experienced upward pressure and our utilization on premium freight has increased. As a result, our current forecast contemplates $1 billion in costs related to higher material and freight with approximately three quarters of that occurring in the second half of the year. Despite these challenges, we are encouraged by the strength in our end markets as well as the execution our team has delivered so far this year. Furthermore, we see many opportunities to accelerate our investments in technology and sustainability. Although early, we are convinced that our new strategy is the right one and will drive differentiated outcomes for our customers and for all stakeholders. We look forward to updating you on our progress over the next few quarters.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Ryan. We’re now ready to begin the Q&A portion of the call. The operator will instruct you on the polling procedures. In consideration of others and our hope to allow more of you to participate in the call, please limit yourself to one question. If you have additional questions, please rejoin the queue. Jill?
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you so much. [Operator Instructions] Our first question will come from Kristen Owens with Oppenheimer. Your line is open.
Kristen Owens — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Hi. Good morning. Thank you for taking the question. Wanted to ask a little bit about the small ag cycle. And hoping you could provide some additional commentary there in light of several quarters now a very strong industry growth continuing to bring inventories. And then maybe if you have a sense of how many new Deere buyers you’re seeing in this space versus sort of a replacement of fleet expansion? Thank you.
Brent Norwood — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Kristen. The small ag market has gone through a fair bit of growth over the last few years. We’ve seen more buyers on small acreages, small hobby farms, I think that’s been one of the secular growth components of that. The stay-at-home impact over the last year has grown that as well, when you think about not just small tractors, but also riding lawn equipment and those sorts of things. So that has — those have been drivers.
It’s really difficult to determine how many are new versus replacement. But we would say there is much less trading and trade-ins that occur in that small ag and small tractor business, in particular. Cory?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Yeah, Kristen. This is Cory. I would say, it varies by the product lineup in small ag and turf. As you move into the more traditional hay and forage, mid tractor, we’d have a lot of traditional customers in that space. But we’re seeing conversions in that space which is good. Those are new customers to us.
When you move down the line into turf equipment, small tractors, compact utilities, very many of those are new customers to us. So it’s a strong business. That industry continues to increase. The COVID pandemic has had a impact on that, but we’re seeing more people move to the country side to acreages and buy turf equipment. So it’s been a great market and we think that’s continuing.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Kristen. We’ll go ahead and go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is from Jamie Cook with Credit Suisse. Your line is open.
Jamie Cook — Credit Suisse – North America — Analyst
Hi. Good morning. A nice quarter. Just color in decision on — to open the order book up early for 2022, if you could give any more color on what you’re seeing relative to what you said on the call. And then also how you’re approaching pricing for 2022 given the strong pricing this year and just given concerns next year about supply chain and material costs? Thanks.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
The order book, as was mentioned earlier on the call, we are ordered out through ’21. So as it came to large tractors, which is a rolling order book not run on an EOP, the decision was to start to gauge visibility and take orders there. And as mentioned, we’ve seen quite a bit of that activity come in. So it does reflect the strong underlying fundamentals that we’re seeing. The demand, low used inventory and strong used prices are reflected in that — what we’re — in the orders that we’re seeing come through.
As it relates to price, we haven’t talked yet significantly about ’22 pricing, but you’re contemplating strong price as we think about the inputs that we’ve seen come through this year. Cory, anything you’d add there?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Yeah. I would say — Josh hit the high points. Our large tractor order book indicates a very strong demand cycle all the way in and through ’22. I would suggest we take a very different approach to opening those books depending on what region we are in the world. If we face a part of the world that’s more volatile relative to both cost and currency where we — we will open those books later. We know there’s demand in markets like South America, but we’re very cautious about how we map our pricing to the headwinds that we face particularly as it relates to currency. So we’re very confident in — as those order books open up what we’ll see in demand going through ’22.
Jamie Cook — Credit Suisse – North America — Analyst
Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Jamie. We’ll go ahead and go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you so much. Our next question is from Jerry Revich with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open, sir.
Jerry Revich — Goldman Sachs & Co. — Analyst
Yes. Hi. Good morning, everyone. I’m wondering if you could talk about based on the initial orders for fiscal ’22 and indications of interest from customers, how do you expect precision ag take rates to expand over the next year for your primary products? And if you can — can you comment on ExactRate and AutoPath specifically? Thanks.
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Jerry. We are seeing continued adoption on the precision ag front, as you think about things like tractors for example with Command Center and Premium Activation, that’s grown pretty significantly this year, which is a positive trend. And we would expect as we move forward and we’re bringing out new products that that trend would continue. Things like ExactRate, which will be coming through the early order program, See & Spray Select coming out as well. The Hagie sprayer with ExactApply [Indecipherable] as well. So I think the continuation there of the trend we’ve seen of adoption and growth is something we do expect. Cory, anything you’d add?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Yeah. I would say, Jerry, one of the exciting things is we’re seeing all three cylinders of the strategy hitting. So we’ve got our all new line of product that’s coming out. So you mentioned ExactRate on the planters, but we also have continued improvements in our large tractor line. We have new sprayers hitting the market in limited production that will go into our EOP for next year and new combines, our X9-Series combines. So it’s both the underlying products that are new. The tech stack is being embedded in some cases into them, but also new options available. And then we’re seeing further penetration in the aftermarket side across the installed base. So all three of the cylinders of the strategy are hitting right now.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Jerry. We’ll go ahead and go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you so much. Our next question is from Rob Wertheimer with Melius Research. Your line is open, sir.
Rob Wertheimer — Melius Research — Analyst
Thank you. Good morning, everyone. My question, I guess, is for Cory. You seem to have the cycle pretty well in hand as it starts off. Can you give us any update on Blue River, on product launches there and in the future just for the timeline and how the — that part of the technology stack, I guess, is progressing? Thank you.
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Yeah, Rob. Thanks for the question. It’s exciting time because our first commercial product of that is hitting the market this year. So we talked about See & Spray Select, which is the first version. That’s a green on brown solution in See & Spray, but it’s really the very first of a series of technologies we will launch from Blue River that help enable us to move from field down to plant level in terms of how we manage the crop. So See & Spray Select is going into the market right now. Next year we will be in the market with See & Spray ultimate and being able to deliver what we’ve been talking about with Blue River. But that’s the first of several iterations across not only our current sprayer lines, but also being able to take that technology back across the installed base and then take that technology to other areas in our portfolio to be able to move from how we do a lot of the work today at the field level or even down to the zone level and manage at the individual plant level. At the end of the day it’s about driving greater profitability through higher yield and being able to manage costs for our customers, no matter where they are in the cycle.
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Rob, the other thing I’d mention there is, Cory alluded to this, but the idea of leveraging sense and act in each of the jobs that we execute on in the production system. So See & Spray is really the first of that of sensing, determining weed and spraying it. But we see that continuation and the ability to do that across all the jobs in the production system.
Rob Wertheimer — Melius Research — Analyst
Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Rob. We’ll go ahead and go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you, sir. Our next question comes from Ross Gilardi with Bank of America. Your line is open, sir.
Ross Gilardi — Bank of America – Merrill Lynch — Analyst
Good morning, guys. I just wanted to check in on your thoughts on just where we are in the cycle and are you thinking of mid-cycle differently. I think a comment was made about being — still being 40% below prior cycles. And I think your definition of mid cycle being a trailing seven-year average doesn’t include most of the super cycle years when a North American market was selling upwards of 13,000 combines a year. So what are the prospects for getting back to those numbers? And if we did, are we potentially at a much lower percentage of mid-cycle now or are at smaller premium mid-cycle now than your kind of seven-year trailing analysis would suggest?
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Sure. The — when we think about percent of mid-cycle for the business, for PPA and really for SAT, small ag and turf, we’re in the — between 110% and 115% of mid-cycle. And you’re correct in that the underlying math there would exclude the previous peak. So we’re past those peak years of ’12 and ’13.
When we think about where we are today, though given the demand we’re seeing, the underlying fundamentals, the age of the fleet, constraints in the supply base, seeing demand push out, we do believe there are continued lags to the demand picture and to the cycle that we’re in.
And maybe a little bit of comparing and contrasting back to 2013 because we get this question a lot, how — what is different now versus then. Certainly ag fundamentals are very strong, stocks-to-use are healthy. They’re actually lower than they were back in 2013 if you look at ex-China stocks. Cash receipts, our forecast this year to be higher by about $10 billion compared to 2013. Land values are higher than they were even a year ago, but compared back to that time as well.
Used inventories, Cory mentioned, lower than where we were back to 2012, prices have been seen upward pressure. The large ag fleet is the oldest that has been in two decades compared back to that 2013 time frame when it was at the youngest that it had been. And then as noted, our volumes, unit volumes of large ag in North America are significantly lower than we were back in 2013.
And maybe importantly, we don’t expect or count on those — meeting those levels of volume to deliver higher-margin performance. This year is a good example on much lower volume, our net sales are $0.5 billion to $1 billion lower than 2013, but our margin performance is about 3 points higher.
So I think we feel really good about the ability to deliver innovation, deliver technology to the customer and create value and that’s translating to higher average selling prices, better margins per machine, so much less reliant on unit volume than maybe we would have been in the past.
Anything you’d add, Cory?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
No. I think Josh hit all the factors. I think the one thing I would add, Ross, is in addition we’re bringing all new levels of technology and the new machines we’re bringing out. So those customers, if you take the average age of combines or tractors, the 9.5 years or 6.5 years and you think about the technology difference in that last decade that’s going on with the products, that’s pulling a lot of product into the industry. These are higher-capacity machines. But there are people demanding the highest productivity, best technology on the machines that are coming through. And if you look at where used inventory levels are, even our last generation machines, there’s not a lot available in the market for people to upgrade. So that points to a cycle that extends. It also points to a lot of used machines out there that are eight, nine, 10 years old that are right for what we can do on the performance upgrade space. So as that populations coming forward, it represents an all new opportunity for us to take this latest technology back across those machines. So we’re really excited about doing both. In fact as our dealers are thinking about their early orders for this year, they’re trying to get their orders even earlier so they can retrofit a number of those machines to get them ready with the next generation technology for customers.
Ross Gilardi — Bank of America – Merrill Lynch — Analyst
Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Ross. We’ll go ahead and go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you, sir. Our next question is from Joel Tiss with BMO. Your line is open, sir.
Joel Tiss — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
All right. Hold on. Just got to take off my mute button. I just wonder if you guys can talk a little bit about lowering the cyclicality of the Company beyond precision ag, some of the internal things you’re doing and just how you’re thinking about it and maybe some examples of what you’re implementing? Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Joel, thanks. As we think about the cycle and how do we dampen the cyclicality, one of the drivers is certainly the precision ag side, which you mentioned and the ability to be less reliant on units and units driving where we go and how we perform. So I think that is one piece.
As we go forward and you start to include sense and act capabilities, that’s one of the areas that we see the opportunity to begin to deliver more of a recurring revenue model, which takes some additional cyclicality out of the business as we can create value across each acre that is covered.
And then the aftermarket side, and Cory alluded to this when he talked about performance upgrade, the retrofit, the ability to go deeper into the population, the installed base and upgrade those machines, bring them closer to the most current technology. And what it also does is it brings them more into the precision ag ecosystem thinking about the operation center, the flow of data and how that creates a sticky environment and value creation for the customer.
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Joel, it’s Ryan. Maybe just to add on that. We’re thinking about this with respect to building blocks. And the building blocks of our equipment position around the world, our dealer channel, our tech stack, the engaged acres and connected machines. And so those building blocks are in place for us to now utilize the tech stack and all of our resources to stack features and offers on top that create value for our customers and those features and offers that we will be delivering — we’re delivering today and will be accelerating the delivery of those in the future should have less cyclicality associated to them.
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Hey, Joel. This is Cory. The only thing I would add, I think, our customers and dealers are even asking for us to think about how do we give them the opportunity to bring the latest technology to them every year. And that doesn’t always mean buying a new machine one-year and waiting three years and buying everything new. It means being able to manage with them how those next steps they can take in each of their operations to improve whether it’s new bushels coming in in the combine or whether it’s lower cost to give them the opportunity every year to invest in that next increment that helps them on the farm. So we’re thinking about what are the new models that we can use to be able to do that and that will have a leveling effect to be able to take some of those large cycles out.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Joel, maybe one other thing I’d mention too on cyclicality is as we think about regional performance and we’ve seen improved performance across the globe whether it’s small ag and turf or Production & Precision Ag, that also aids in being less reliant on any one given market and the cyclicality of those markets and end customer segments. Thank you.
We can go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is from Ann Duignan with JP Morgan. Your line is open, ma’am.
Ann Duignan — JPMorgan — Analyst
Thank you. I just want a point of clarification before I ask my question that is, you kind of glossed over the Blue River Technology. You said that you’ve launched the green on brown and as I can tell that is — that equipment currently only differentiates between a plant and dirt and as such has not been launched in any corn or soybean planting applications at this point. So that was just — if you would just clarify that.
And then my price — my question is around pricing. While pricing is strong, could you also talk about the increasing costs, given that you’re embedding most of the precision ag features in the new equipment and your costs have, obviously, accordingly gone up. So if you could just talk about maybe net pricing, not including, like discounting that, but how much of the price increases are actually to cover the increased cost of books?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Ann, maybe — this is Cory. Maybe I’ll take the first one. You’re correct that first iteration of See & Spray — See & Spray Select, it is a green-on-brown solution. It’s, what we would call, a solution for burn-down. So when you’re going into the field, it only sprays weeds, it won’t spray on the bare ground. And it’s a tremendous advantage in the burn-down time so that season we just came through relative to burning down before crop, it’s a great advantage and in many cases a small grain advantaged too. So that’s the first iteration.
We’re also out with our pilot machines and test machines on the See & Spray ultimate, which is the full AI computer-vision enabled set of solutions that are in the pipeline and scheduled in limited production for next year.
I’ll let Josh take the second half of your question.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
And, Cory, that is the test on the green-on-green solutions in corn and soybeans?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
It is. In fact, it’s in all crops. Yeah.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks. From a pricing point of view, I think it’s important they can delineate how would you price and this — over time this has gotten maybe a little bit confusing, but I want to be clear. The price numbers that we talk about in terms of net price realization is pure like-for-like model, year-over-year price that we’ve taken. So if we’re thinking about the Production & Precision Ag point of view, 9 points of price that is like-for-like model last year to this year, what have we seen from pricing. So we have seen strong price. Cory mentioned this in his comments. They are really driven by the overseas price adjustments that we’ve taken as it related to FX movements and a shift to be maybe a little more dynamic, in terms of how we’ve responded to some of those FX movements. So that’s really the price realization.
Maybe separately, we think about average selling prices over time. And over time, if we look at, call it, the last seven or eight years for large ag equipment North America, average selling prices have been up between 5% to 7% on a kind of an annual basis. And that would include traditional price increases, which have been in the range of 3 points. And then on top of that would be the feature piece. So if you call that 7%, 3% roughly inflationary price, but then on top of that would be features such as precision ag things like ExactApply or others that would drive additional price. And what I’d [Phonetic] tell you from a cost perspective is those features tend to be very margin attractive, a lot of that is software activated. So there is a lot of upfront cost to develop the first unit, but from a margin point of view is attractive.
Thanks. Ann. We’ll go ahead and go to our next question.
Operator
Thank you, sir. Our next question is from Steven Fisher with UBS. Your line is open, sir.
Steve Fisher — UBS (US) — Analyst
Thanks. Good morning. I think you guys were previously looking to build some inventory in small ag, but now it sounds like you’re maybe planning to produce in line. If that’s right, what drove the change? And then why not try to build inventory more broadly across both small ag and large ag given the strength of the demand to the extent that the supply chain will allow it? Do you need inventory to be tighter to kind of get the pricing you need to offset your cost increases? Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Steve. For small ag and turf, we did expect — we had planned to build a bit above retail a quarter ago and really supply tightness and continued strength in demand has pulled that back to be essentially in line building in line. So more of a constrain from a supply base than it is a shift in our view of what we’d like to have out there. We’re going to end the year on small tractors at a near historic low again from an inventory to sales perspective in the 20% range. So still quite a bit lower. So that’s the dynamic there. And I’d say broadly kind of across all categories, the biggest constraint to building inventory is just that, supply challenges and the ability to get those out paired with really strong demand across the board.
Steve Fisher — UBS (US) — Analyst
Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Steve.
Operator
Our next question will come from Mig Dobre with Robert Baird Company. Your line is open.
Mircea Dobre — Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc. — Analyst
Yeah. Thank you. Good morning. Cory, you talked quite a bit about challenges as far as the supply chain and also obviously that the entire industry basically has — is running into some capacity issues. But I guess I’m curious from your perspective maybe looking at your business, how much of this is sort of transitory versus structural, right? I mean,are we talking about just lower capacity given everything that’s happened over the past decade?
And I’m sort of curious, when I’m looking at your capex guidance only a very modest increase. You guys are still expecting your capex to still be below fiscal ’19. Should investors expect a more meaningful drag in fiscal ’22 and ’23 from capex on free cash flow as you’re looking to adjust capacity or are capex levels sort of sustainable where they are? Thank you.
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I’ll start Mig on the capex side. I wouldn’t expect to see significant shifts or changes there. We’ve over the last decade or so kind of cycled in and around this — where we’re at $900 million or so. We’ve been up or down some, but not foreseen significant change there.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Yeah. And I would say that capital planning that we’ve had for multiple years allows us to invest in things like capacity where we need it, Mig. So where those lines are limited today, we’re investing and our suppliers are investing and they’re all ramping up at this point. So we’re investing in what we think is going to be a prolonged cycle here.
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
I think one of the biggest challenges on the supply side is labor and it’s at our suppliers, but it’s also in the logistics channel, whether it’s warehousing or truck drivers or port labor, all of those things are challenged. And certainly there is work going on there to improve that, but it’s — that’s been one of the bigger constraints when we think about the ability to get supply and produce.
Mircea Dobre — Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc. — Analyst
Okay. Thanks.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Mig.
Operator
Thank you for your question. Our next question is from Brett Linzey with Vertical Research Partners. Your line is open, sir.
Brett Linzey — Vertical Research — Analyst
Hi. Good morning. Thank you for the question. Maybe you answered part of this, but not surprised, there is very little room to flex up production this year given the supply constraints. But as we shift to 2022 and supply availability improves, assuming it does, strategically how are you thinking about potentially flexing up your own internal capacity to run a little bit harder given demand does look like it should sustain and be pretty strong next year?
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
So we have added shifts in — through the course of this year in a number of our facilities in Waterloo, in Montenegro, where we build tractors, in Brazil. So that activity has happened or continues to happen. The early order programs and that’s part of opening up order book maybe a little bit earlier on tractors, it gives us a little more visibility to plan accordingly, not only for our operations, but to be able to provide those requirements back through the supply chain. So that’s — I’d say that’s a significant piece. We’ve been doing a lot of work with the supply base in terms of where are their constraints, where do they have challenges and trying to get ahead of those ahead of 2022. So there’s a lot of work going on in that regard.
Brett Linzey — Vertical Research — Analyst
Great. Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Brett.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is from Stephen Volkmann with Jefferies. Your line is open.
Steve Volkmann — Jefferies & Co. — Analyst
Great. Most of my questions have been answered. But maybe on cash flow, obviously, if you’re sort of getting set for a number of pretty positive years here, if you can do kind of $5 billion a year in cash flow, you’re only paying out maybe 20% of that in dividends. It gives you a lot of excess capital I think to think about. How should we think about dividend, repurchases, is there anything on the M&A front that we should be watching? Thank you.
Ryan D. Campbell — Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. This is Ryan. Thanks for the question. I think as you indicated very, very strong cash flows. And you look at our cash priorities, ag rating investing in the business, dividend at 25% to 35%, and then repurchase. Thinking about [Phonetic] the dividend, we just raised by 18%, but with the structural improvement and our profitability we’re probably more towards the lower end of that range. So that’s something that we’ll continue to look at. We’re going to have enough cash to execute against all the priorities. So you’ll see us continue with buyback. One thing I would highlight is, you’ll probably see us a little more active in M&A. And as you think about M&A we’re thinking thematically in M&A, things like autonomy, things like sense and act, sustainability, performance upgrades, digital solutions. Those are the things that with the new strategy are really going to drive the future. While we also look at are there any portfolio gaps that we have around the world that will also allow us to drive additional value for our customers through the system we’ve established. So that’s how we’re thinking about it. But thanks for the question.
Steve Volkmann — Jefferies & Co. — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Our next question is from Chad Dillard with Bernstein. Your line is open, sir.
Chad Dillard — Bernstein — Analyst
Hi. Good morning, everyone. So just a question for you on retrofit. Just wanted to go back and understand just like an internal perspective, what else needs to be done internally at Deere as well as the dealers to fully stand up this business? And then you talked about having a lot of eight to 10-year old tractors right now. What portion will be right for retrofit? And then secondly, just a question on your ’22 order book. Can you talk about what if any changes in terms of dealer incentives you’re making to drive more precision ag penetration?
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Performance upgrades, the opportunity we see there is immense. When you think about the installed base on the planters, sprayers, we can go back to about model year 2012. So you think about a lot of machines that were going out at that time that are upgradable. So that’s a large part of the installed base, at this point, if you consider just how many machines are out there. So I think [Indecipherable] just the opportunity set. And I think for us there is a lot of work going on and the team is really focused on how do we make it easy, easy to order, easy to actually install and those things are really, really critical.
Cory, mentioned dealers thinking about their EOP trades. The machines are going to be bringing back in from trade and how can they make accelerate that and get those in sooner so they can upgrade those and get those machines to — into customers’ hands. So those are a few things there that we’re doing. Lots of potential and we are kind of beginning off a relatively small base. Anything you’d add, Cory?
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Yeah. I would add to Josh that he mentioned the primary platform. So our starting point in performance upgrades had started in the planter side because of all the great work at ExactEmerge. If we looked at the penetration relative to what our customers told us in terms of the value, we’ve taken and tried to cover as many of our previous models with ExactEmerge upgrade kits as we can. And we continue to take new technologies that come in both planning and spring and take them back. So in the sprayer world, today, the existing technology ExactApply is going back across, so individual nozzle control and being able to take it back across to as many sprayers as we can. In the future, it will be the See & Spray technology. Maybe the difference is we’re now designing and working towards designing. At the same time we’re planning for the new to designed to be able to take it back across the installed base and that will allow us to accelerate.
We’re working on making sure that our dealers have the bandwidth. Dealers are busy right now too and they’re working to put their plans in place to be able to accelerate that effort. We see significant growth rates, not only in the part side of the business, but performance upgrades gives us the opportunity to accelerate growth in the aftermarket.
Chad Dillard — Bernstein — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is from Nicole DeBlase with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.
Nicole DeBlase — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Yeah, thanks. Good morning, guys.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Hi, Nicole.
Nicole DeBlase — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
So we can — can we talk a little bit about the margin guidance for the rest of the year? I mean, obviously that was a really strong driver of performance this quarter. You guys are kind of embedding a step down, I think, across all businesses relative to 2Q. I know there is some seasonality in there. But I guess is the bulk of that being driven by the material and freight costs that you’ve highlighted that are coming through?
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
That’s correct, Nicole. That’s the biggest piece. We talked about roughly $1 billion in the forecast. About 75% of that is in the back half of the year in quarters three and four. So that’s the biggest component. Maybe a few other things as you can see with our — with the forecast price. Our price forecast moderates a little bit as we start to anniversary some of the actions that we were taking middle of last year. And then we do see a little bit higher overhead spend as it relates to inefficiencies really driven by the supply chain constraints and some of the disruptions and starts and stops that happen that make us run a little bit less efficiently. So I think those are probably the biggest items.
When we step back though and think about the back half of the year, I think excluding the one-time items from last year we’re running about a 35% incremental. And that’s at the top end of our — the range that we’ve historically talked about and that’s with that heavy material and freight drag on that. It would be significantly higher in the 10 to 15 point range higher, if not for that material and freight. So I think that’s — those are the drivers there that we see. I think the performance though, I think we feel really good about where we’re at in light of that heavy costs coming through. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is from Larry De Maria with William Blair. Your line is open, sir.
Lawrence De Maria — William Blair & Company — Analyst
Thanks. Good morning. Just a little bit confused, maybe you can help. I believe that in previous forecasts you noted that there is a $500 million contingency in there above and beyond for materials and freight kind of outside of the guidance. I’m wondering how much of that’s being used and if we’re going through that and then from in excess. And as you’re locking in orders for next year, are you also locking in costs and hedging at this point or are we — obviously, you’re raising price, are you a little bit of rolling dice assuming the steel costs etc. come down into next year? Just curious how you’re thinking about that? Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
The $500 million that we talked about last quarter was material and freight costs that we expected to see for the year. That $500 million is now $1 billion. So it effectively doubled between where we were a quarter ago and now. And that’s in the forecast, that’s in the segments and we expect to see that. And you see that somewhat impacting gross margins and things in the back portion of the year.
From a — thinking about ’22 order perspective, as we’ve noted, we’ve started taking some of those orders. From a purchasing point of view, we haven’t made significant shifts. I think now given where commodity prices are, we’re not — we haven’t locked anything in at this point. The steel prices are higher, much higher, than we saw coming into the year. So we’ll continue working through that and working through the processes as we think about how do we lock in what shifts or changes on procurement.
Lawrence De Maria — William Blair & Company — Analyst
Okay.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Larry.
Operator
Our next question is from Tim Thein with Citigroup. Your line is open, sir.
Tim Thein — Citigroup Global Markets — Analyst
Thank you. So the question is on channel inventories in North America, specifically on large ag. Can you guys give us some context in terms of what the plan assumes? Obviously, just given the supply base there is not really new room, I would assume for much or any kind of build there. But can you kin of help us from a unit perspective and how you measure it, where you would expect to end the year, again just channel inventory at large, because obviously that has important implications for production plans, assuming a more capable supply base next year. So just kind of the interplay between year ending inventories and then how potentially dovetails into production for ’22? Thank you.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
We project that we’ll end this year at a similar level that we ended last year coming in, so pretty low levels of inventory, so pretty lean. You’ll recall the row-crop tractors were in, I think below or near below 20% inventory sales, particularly when you think about row-crop, we’re relatively tight. And then combines seasonality wise tend to end the year quite low, because you’ve just come through harvest. So that’s normally a mid single digit. So I think we do believe that that will exit that same — in that same position given we’re kind of producing in line with retail from a large ag point of view.
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
No, I’d just echo. It’s tight inventory in — particularly in the large ag space. These orders are moving from our factories on the dealer lots into the field and there’s not a lot of slack in that system for dealers and they’re working hard to make sure they’re taking care of customers when they do that. We’ve had a lot of efforts in the field to make sure we have continuity at the customer level. This is the biggest thing. If you think through what our field teams have done, there has been no disruption to our customers. Our dealers have played a big role in being able to make sure that even when we had a slight disruption they took care of customers and we got them in — got their machines in and got them running. So very little inventory on both new and used in the market right now.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks. We’ll go ahead and take one more question.
Operator
Our final question will come from Jerry Revich with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open, sir.
Jerry Revich — Goldman Sachs & Co. — Analyst
Great. Thank you for taking the follow-up. Josh, can we just go back to your incremental margin comments earlier? Given the stronger performance in margins very early on in mid-cycle, how do you folks feel about your ability to deliver over 30% incremental margins over the balance of the recovery? At which point do we start to get concerned with margins given the competition too much air cover? Thanks.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
We’ve been really focused on being very disciplined, I think, on both the cost structure, as well as thinking about how we’re pricing and managing inventory. I think that continues and I think that is the driver of what we’ve seen from a performance point of view. So I think that continues. And then as we continue to bring in and see higher levels of precision ag adoption that has — that drives additional opportunity for us to continue to deliver margin as well. I think those are probably the couple of the biggest drivers.
Cory J. Reed — President, Agricultural & Turf Division: Large & Precision Agriculture, and Americas and Australia
Yeah. Jerry, I think as we think about total pricing, whether inflation plus features and those types of things, average selling price, it’s really the value that we’re delivering through the system and through innovation is the strategy that we use. And we think over the long run, that’s not only going to be very supportive of our margin profile, but also from a share perspective.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
I think the other driver too, Jerry is, I mentioned that earlier, it’s just the regional performance and the lift in regional performance that we’re seeing helps pull everything as well. Europe is a great example. We’ve talked some about our strategy there being very focused on large ag and precision ag. We’ve done that. We’re in a second year of seeing growth in market share in a 150-plus horsepower tractors. That’s not only driving share, but it’s driving margin. We’re doing that on value, not on price from a discounting point of view. So we’re taking price and we’re growing share in differentiating ourselves. And we think that’s a really important piece when we think about going around the globe and everyone having strong margin performance. That is different than where we would have been previous cycle.
Jerry Revich — Goldman Sachs & Co. — Analyst
Terrific. Thanks.
Josh Jepsen — Director, Investor Relations
Thanks, Jerry. Thanks, everyone. We appreciate your time. Have a good day.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]