Discover Financial Services (NYSE:DFS) Q1 2023 Earnings Call dated Apr. 20, 2023.
Corporate Participants:
Eric Wasserstrom — Head of Investor Relations
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Jeff Adelson — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Dominick Gabriele — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Nate Richmond — Bank of America — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Good morning. My name is Chelsea, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the First Quarter 2023 Discover Financial Services Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]. Thank you. I will now turn the call over to Mr. Eric Wasserstrom, Head of Investor Relations. Sir, please go ahead.
Eric Wasserstrom — Head of Investor Relations
Thank you, Chelsea, and good morning, everyone, and welcome to this morning’s call. I’ll begin on Slide 2 of our earnings presentation, which you can find in the financials section of our Investor Relations website, investorrelations.discover.com. Our discussion today contains certain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. Please refer to our notices regarding forward-looking statements that appear in our first quarter earnings press release and presentation.
Our call today will include remarks from our CEO, Roger Hochschild, and John Greene, our Chief Financial Officer. After we conclude our formal comments, there will be time for a question-and-answer session. During the Q&A session, you’ll be permitted to ask one question, followed by one follow-up question. After your follow-up question, please return to the queue.
Now, it’s my pleasure to turn the call over to Roger.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Thanks, Eric, and thanks to our listeners for joining today’s call. I’ll begin by commenting on some of the recent events in the banking industry, review our highlights for the quarter, and then John will take you through the details of our first quarter results and our updated perspectives on 2023. This past quarter included the failure of two large banks [Indecipherable] more widespread stress in some segments of the banking system and raised questions about the funding models and embedded portfolio losses of multiple banks.
In contrast, our strong results underscore how our model with its diversified funding, trusted brand, focus on prime consumer lending and conservative risk management positions us to succeed through a range of operating conditions. I want to call out a few results in particular that highlight our performance in this challenging environment, we reported first quarter net income of $1 billion or $3.58 per share. We had an all-time record quarter in terms of consumer deposit inflows, leveraging our award-winning digital experience and our leading customer service, and we’re improving key elements of our guidance. As we look to the remainder of 2023, we may adjust our outlook as conditions evolve. We believe there is a potential for more stringent regulation. We believe we’re well positioned for more rigorous regulatory capital and liquidity requirements given our strong internal standards and we also continue to focus on enhancing our compliance management systems. This past quarter also included an important milestone with respect to our investment in human capital. We’re honored to have been recognized as one of Fortune’s 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2023. This is the first time we’ve earned this distinction, and it builds upon recognition we received last year, ranking us among the best workplaces for parents and Fortune’s best workplaces for women.
In conclusion, we believe our earnings power, balance sheet strength, investments in people and advancements in capabilities support our strategy of becoming the leading consumer digital bank.
I’ll now turn the call over to John to review our results in more detail.
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Roger, and good morning, everyone. I’ll start with our financial summary results on Slide 4. Our performance this quarter was characterized by strong revenue growth, continued credit normalization, a slight change to our outlook on the macro economic environment resulting in a reserve increase and a year-over-year increase in expenses.
Let’s review the details starting on Slide 5. Net interest income was up $653 million year-over-year or 26%. Our net interest margin continued to expand benefiting from higher prime rates, partially offset by higher funding costs and increased promotional balances. NIM ended the quarter at 11.3%, up 49 basis points from the prior year and 7 basis points sequentially. Receivable growth was driven by card, which increased 22% year-over-year, reflecting stable sales growth, modest new account growth and payment rate moderation. Sales increased 9% in the period, slightly higher than the 8% growth we experienced in the prior quarter and down from the 16% growth we experienced in 2022. Sales growth so far in April is a modest 2.5%, but this is coming off a very high comp of 22% in April of last year. New card account growth decelerated reflecting the tightening of underwriting standards over the past several months, but grew by 3% from the prior year.
The impact of slowing sales growth on receivable expansion was offset by decreases in payment rates. The card payment rate decreased 80 basis points in the quarter and is currently slightly over 200 basis points above the pre-pandemic level.
Turning to our non-card products, personal loans were up 21%, driven by higher originations over the past year and lower payment rates. We continued to experience strong consumer demand, while staying disciplined in our underwriting of this product. Organic student loan receivables grew by 3%, largely driven by a reduction in the payment rate.
In terms of funding mix, consumer deposit balances were up 17% year-over-year and 7% sequentially. As Roger highlighted, we achieved record quarterly deposit growth. Deposits now make up 66% of our total funding mix, with over 90% insured, and we continue to target 70% to 80% deposit funding over the medium term. Outside of deposits, our funding channels remain open and at attractive costs. As an example, in early April, we issued $1.25 billion of card ABS fixed rate notes. This offering was upsized, and our spread was 9 basis points tighter than our November securitization. Additionally, we recently received a ratings upgrade by Moody’s for our bank subsidiary and our banking holding company. Moody’s cited a number of reasons to support this upgrade including our prudent underwriting, conservative risk management and resiliency in an economic downturn.
Looking at other revenue on Slide 6. Non-interest income increased $198 million or 47%. This was partially due to a $162 million loss on our equity investments in the prior year quarter compared to an $18 million loss this quarter. Adjusting for these, our non-interest income was up 9%, primarily driven by loan fee income and higher net discount and interchange revenue.
Moving to expenses on Slide 7. Total operating expenses were up $253 million or 22% year-over-year and down 7% from the prior quarter. Compensation costs were up primarily due to increased headcount and wage inflation. Marketing expenses increased $49 million or 26% as we continued to prudently invest for growth in our card and consumer banking products. Professional fees increased $55 million or 31%, driven by investments in technology and increases in consulting activities that support our consumer compliance initiatives. Even with these increases, our efficiency ratio was 37%, and we generated about 700 basis points of operating leverage in the period.
Moving to credit performance on Slide 8. Total net charge-offs were 2.72%, 111 basis points higher than the prior year and up 59 basis points from the prior quarter. In the card portfolio, the net charge-off rate of 3.1% was 126 basis points higher than the prior year and 73 basis points higher sequentially. Consistent with our commentary back in January, we expect the seasoning of new account vintages from the past two years and normalization of older vintages to a more typical loss rate. These trends remain consistent with our expectations.
Turning to the discussion of our allowance on Slide 9. This quarter, we increased our allowance by $385 million, and our reserve rate increased by 25 basis points to 6.8%. This increase in reserve rate was driven by two factors. About 10 basis points reflects the runoff of seasonal transactor balances that we typically experienced in the fourth quarter. The remaining portion was largely driven by deterioration in our expectations of the macroeconomic environment. We increased our expectations for the 2023 year-end employment rate to the mid point of our 4.5% to 5% range. This change reflects the potential for a reduction in lending impacting economic growth. We will continue to monitor the macroeconomic conditions and make adjustments to our expectations.
Looking at Slide 10. Our common equity tier 1 for the period was 12.3%, and we repurchased $1.2 billion of common stock during the quarter. The net unrealized loss on our AFS securities portfolio at the end of the quarter was $45 million. The impact on our regulatory capital, if our OCI opt-outs were not allowed, would have been about 20 basis points. Our capital position remains robust and well ahead of regulatory requirements. We continue to prioritize investments in strong organic growth and returning excess capital to shareholders. Included in our press release was the announcement that our Board of Directors approved a new $2.7 billion share repurchase program for the five quarters ending June 2024 and increased our common stock dividend by 17% to $0.70 per share.
Including on Slide 11 with outlook, following the strong first quarter performance, we are raising our expectations for loan growth this year to be low- to mid-teens. There is no change to our NIM forecast. We are maintaining our guidance for operating expenses to be less than 10%. However, we do see risk of upward pressure on this from collection and customer service expense related to growth in our lending and deposit accounts and professional service support and continued investment in technology. We are tightening our expected range of net charge-offs to 3.5% to 3.8% based on our current delinquencies and roll rates. This represents a reduction to the top end of the range by 10 basis points.
Finally, as mentioned, our Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization. We have returned substantial excess capital over the past two years and we anticipate moving towards a more standard cadence of share buybacks over the second half of this year.
To conclude, our first quarter results have given us significant momentum into this year and we’re well positioned to deliver on our financial objectives.
With that, I will turn the call back to our operator to open the line for Q&A.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. [Operator Instructions]. And we’ll take our first question from Sanjay Sakhrani with KBW. Your line is open.
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Thank you. Good morning. John, a quick question on the reserve commentary you had. Just to be clear, I know you guys had a weighting of scenarios and it sounds like the low end went from 4.5% to 4.75%. When we average that out between all the scenarios, does that take you above the 5% unemployment rate assumption or how should we think about that? And also just in terms of the narrowing of the range of the charge-offs this quarter, was that more because the unemployment rate hasn’t necessarily panned out the way you expected it to, meaning it’s coming in better?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, thanks, Sanjay. Yeah, I’ll start with the reserve portion of the question and then swing over to the charge-off aspect. Ao as we mentioned, we’ve run a number of different scenarios. So we looked at unemployment ranges from 3.5% to north of 6%. We centered around a range between 4.5% and 5% for 2023 and then a slight improvement in 2024 and that was essentially the driver of the increase in the reserve rate outside of the 10 basis points I’ve talked about in my prepared remarks related to kind of transactors running off as they typically do in the first quarter. So hopefully, that clarifies your question or clarifies any questions you have on reserves. Related to charge-offs, so there’s a couple of factors there. The first and what I would say is the most important is that the portfolio is performing almost exactly as we expected it to in terms of charge-off, roll rates and delinquencies. So we’re generally pleased with that. As each month and quarter goes by, we have better line of sight to what we expect the total year to be. Our internal kind of roll rate models basically can take a very, very good look at six months forward and then we move to more advanced models for anything beyond that. So as the first quarter passed through great line of sight through September and then beyond September, we’ve relied on our analytical models. So that’s essentially the reason why we were able to tighten the charge-off guidance from the upper end, and each quarter, we will give an update on that certainly.
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Okay, thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question will come from Moshe Orenbuch with Credit Suisse. Your line is open.
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Great, thanks. I guess first, you talked about kind of slowing of new account growth. Could you kind of, Roger perhaps, drill down a little more into the drivers, I guess, in terms of what you’re seeing either in the competitive environment or in the consumer kind of credit environment?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, so I’ll start. The credit — the competitive environment remains robust, right? Most of our key competitors in the card business are the larger money center banks, well capitalized, lot of deposits, so cards tends to always be comparative. I think what you’re seeing are the results of some of the changes we’ve made in credit policy. We’ve talked about tightening at the margin and then also some very tough comps over the growth we saw last year. So we feel really good about the new accounts we’re booking, but also believe our credit policy is appropriate for the current environment.
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Got it. And maybe, can you talk — John, maybe talk a little bit more about the expense comment that you made, how much of that would be tied to revenue growth, if expenses were higher?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, so as I’ve said in the prepared remarks, we’ve maintained less than 10% guidance, although we’re seeing a little bit of pressure on those lines I mentioned. So in terms of marketing, what we said in January was that we expected marketing to be up double-digits. We still expect that to be the case despite the reduction in the rate of growth of new accounts. We are still seeing good opportunities to generate positive account growth with an appropriate risk tolerance. The other portion of that marketing spend will be to roll out the cashback debit program, which we anticipate to be rolled out late in the second quarter, maybe early in the third quarter. So we’re going to put some substantial dollars behind that to generate some activity, both new account generation as well as awareness of the product and the product features that we think will help build — continue to build our strong deposit franchise.
Operator
All right. Thank you. Our next question will come from Bob Napoli with William Blair. Your line is open.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Thank you and good morning. The slowdown in spend growth you called out in the month of April, I was wondering if you could give — I know it’s tough comps versus a year ago, but just any color on what you’re seeing on that front and then any change in your view of the health of the consumer?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, so I would say that the slowdown is pretty broad based and is really a continuation of the trend. If you look at the quarter itself, overall sales growth was a little over 9%, but March, it had dropped to 4%, so broad based across all categories. I think some of it is just a reduction in the pressures from inflation. But also, you’ve got some tough comps; in terms of last April, sales were up 22% year-over-year. For us, the most important thing for the consumers, the strength of the job market and that remains pretty robust. So while we are tightening credit and continuing along that, overall, the consumer is still holding up pretty well.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Thank you. And then just any more color on the cashback debit product and what do you believe that will, I guess, do for you strategically? Just any thoughts on — I know you guys have been doing a lot of work on it over the years and it seems like you’re ready to really roll with it.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, it’s a product we’re really excited about. Offering 1% cashback on debit transactions is virtually unique. It’s something that no big bank can match. We take advantage of having a proprietary payments network. And one of the outcomes from the pandemic is consumers even for their primary checking or debit account are a lot more comfortable dealing with the direct bank. So this is going to be a critical initiative, not just for this year, but for many years to come and part of our transition to being way more than credit cards, personal loans, student loans, home equity, but being a true leading digital bank.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question will come from Rick Shane with J.P. Morgan. Your line is open.
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Thanks, everybody, for taking my question this morning. Roger, when you look at the credit outlook and you updated the NCO guidance, I’m curious about some of the puts and takes you see in terms of sort of the internals of numbers whether it’s roll rates, utilization payment rates, what’s — what do you see out there that is the most constructive and what’s your — what’s the factor that gives you the most pause?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. It varies for new accounts versus what we look for in our portfolio. For the portfolio side, yeah, it’s hard to pick an individual factor given the complexity of the models we use. But certainly, overall levels of indebtedness, their behavior in terms of payments, the amount of payment, we even look at when a payment comes in during the month. So given that we’re still focused on growth, I would say, in general, the consumers are doing well, but we have continued to tighten, and it’s something we look at every account every day across all of our different products.
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Got it. And is there one metric you might point to that kind of your — when you get your daily reports you scan to right away to because it’s a concern for you?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. So you may find it hard to believe, but there are very few numbers I look at on a daily basis. I’m lucky to have an amazing team. And so I can look at it a little less frequently. But you can’t point to a single number. We have kind of a composite behavioral score that I see on a lot of our internal risk reporting. But again, there are literally countless variables in some of our most complex machine learning models that are evaluating portfolio credit.
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Okay, thank you very much.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question will come from Betsy Graseck with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.
Jeff Adelson — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Yeah, hi, this is Jeff Adelson on for Betsy. Good morning. John, just wanted to follow up on the comment about the potential for a reduction in lending impacting economic growth. I know that was more of a macro overlay comment, but just wanted to understand maybe where you think Discover is going to fit into that potential tightening regime. I know you’re already doing some tightening, slowing account growth on your side, but just wondering, do you see yourself at some point this year taking a more meaningful cut, maybe what would cause you to revisit the loan growth that you’re seeing today?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, thanks for the question, Jeff. So as we look at loan growth for 2023, we feel very, very positive, and that’s why we moved the loan growth range up a bit. So in terms of the overall lending environment and what would trigger additional cuts, it would be meaningful changes to the unemployment outlook, meaningful changes in the number of job openings and then further signs of stress within the consumers. So that would — within the portfolio itself, it would be payment rates, timing of payments. We take a look at flow rates from one bucket to another. So those would all be certainly signs as well as kind of the broader indications of delinquency and the rate of charge-off on a vintage basis. But as we look at things right now, employment I believe will continue to be strong, right? So we have strong growth in the healthcare sector, manufacturing sector, defense, oil and gas, and onshoring of supply chain continues. So my sense is that we’re not going to have any seismic changes to unemployment despite the Fed tightening action. So that means that we’ll look at — continue to look at things around the margins and make good calls to ensure that the accounts we’re putting on are profitable. And the accounts that are in the portfolio that we have early warning triggers so that our customer service and collection folks can reach out to ensure that collections and cash flows remain strong.
Jeff Adelson — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Thank you. And one follow-up I just want to have on expenses and technology investment. There’s been a lot of focus out there on AI, some advances in that technology. I know Discover has been pretty nimble and investing on its own in that space. But just wondering, is there anything [Technical Issues].
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Hello, Jeff or operator? Is the line open?
Operator
Yes. His line is still open.
Eric Wasserstrom — Head of Investor Relations
Okay. Jeff, I think we missed the last a little bit of your question, but I think it was essentially about the use of AI, so…
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So why don’t I take that briefly? And Jeff or Betsy, we can follow up separately in the afternoon, if you like. So in terms of investing in technology. So there’s three — there’s, I’ll call it, three or four different strengths. The first is to ensure we have leading-edge capabilities, which would include machine learning/AI. Second is ensure that our core systems are robust and resilient. And third, around the network, making sure that our network continues to have leading edge or at a minimum market global capabilities. So those are the tiers, and we continue to invest in those aspects as well as technology to support our overall compliance management system as we talked about in the prepared remarks. So overall, it’s an area of investment. We’re a digital institution. We need to continue to invest in technology to ensure that we keep capabilities advancing. Okay. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question will come from Dominick Gabriele with Oppenheimer. Your line is open.
Dominick Gabriele — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Hey. Thanks so much, and good morning. I would imagine that Discover, given the prudence of the way you run your franchise has really strong KYC. And I think some of the fintech players are actually having some difficulty there. And so I’d love to hear you talk about your checklist for opening an account. And is there a difference for KYC when you issue a debit card versus extending credit with the credit card. And I just have a follow-up. Thanks so much, guys.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. Great question. So AML/BSA/KYC [Phonetic] is one element of compliance. There are many others that we focus on. First thing I’d say is our task might be a little easier just given that we don’t handle much cash, not having branches. We don’t have huge private network [Phonetic] operations, much outside the U.S. But it is a key area of focus. There’s a pretty big overlap between what we’re required to do from a KYC standpoint and actually what we do ourselves to tackle fraud. A huge amount of the new fraud attacks do come via identity theft and while there are sort of nuanced differences by product, very, very similar in terms of what we do when someone is opening a new credit card account versus opening a checking or a debit account.
Dominick Gabriele — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Okay. Nice. Thank you very much. And I guess, kind of a double question here. But is — how closely aligned is your CECL unemployment rate and thus reserve outlook correlated with your net charge-off guidance? Is there a possibility that — I mean, you had mentioned before that you don’t expect unemployment rate to rise very much, is there a chance that there could be actually a disconnect between the CECL reserves and the Company NCO outlooks? Thank you so much.
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Dominick. So — yeah, we have a process that we take great pains to make sure there’s no disconnects between our outlook on kind of charge-offs over, call it, a three-quarter or four-quarter period and the CECL reserves, which is life of loan losses, which would include charge-offs through the life of the relationship. And the modeling systems that we use are essentially the same. Same tools, same people kind of managing those and a bunch of work to ensure [Indecipherable] so each of the functions, credit and risk management systems and finance and accounting are on the same page in terms of what we’re trying to accomplish here. So there’s no chance to disconnect here at Discover. I will say that the difference in terms of the tightening of our charge-off outlook in terms of updated guidance and what happened in the reserve has a couple of factors that are at play there. The first is we’re talking about a three-quarter period of forecasting on the charge-offs. And we gave a fairly wide range, which we intend to tighten as each quarter passes. On the reserves, we take a number of different factors, including the macro environment portfolio. And then there’s certainly a level of management judgment that we use to ensure that we have an appropriate reserve under financial accounting standards. So that’s essentially a quick sketch of the process that we use.
Dominick Gabriele — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Excellent. Thanks so much for taking my questions. Have a good day.
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question will come from Mihir Bhatia with Bank of America. Your line is open.
Nate Richmond — Bank of America — Analyst
This is Nate Richmond [Phonetic] on for Mihir Bhatia. A quick question for me. Are you seeing any changes to the credit quality for new applicants? I understand that you’re tightening credit and underwriting. But just curious [Indecipherable] those consumers are asking for loans now versus a year or two ago.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. I mean it’s a tricky question to answer because it varies by channel. Obviously, we did quite a lot of preapproved marketing. So we kind of set the criteria who applies and even within our non-preapproved channels, we tend to be targeted. So we haven’t seen, I would guess, a huge difference in terms of applicant profile, but our new account profile has tended to improve as we’ve tightened credit.
Nate Richmond — Bank of America — Analyst
Okay. And then as a quick follow-up, can you just talk about the vintage performance? Like how are card loans [Indecipherable] 2022 performing versus the loans [Indecipherable] pre-pandemic?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. I think in general, John mentioned, all of the vintages are performing as expected. And so total losses are still normalizing in line with what we forecast, so I would say continued strong performance across the board. And we haven’t seen huge differences in behavior by vintage.
Nate Richmond — Bank of America — Analyst
Great. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question will come from Mark DeVries with Barclays. Your line is open.
Eric Wasserstrom — Head of Investor Relations
[Technical Issues] Hey, Mark, I think, your line is open. Hey, Chelsea, we will come back to Mark. It’s offline.
Operator
Okay, yes sir. As at this moment, there are no further questions in the queue, so I would like to turn it back over to management for any additional or closing remarks.
Eric Wasserstrom — Head of Investor Relations
Great. Well, if there are any additional questions, please reach out to us here at the IR team. And thanks very much. Have a great day.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]