Discover Financial Services (DFS) Q1 2020 earnings call dated Apr. 23, 2020
Corporate Participants:
Craig Streem — Investor Relations
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Mark DeVries — Barclays — Analyst
Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Bill Carcache — Nomura Securities — Analyst
Maher — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Kevin Barker — Piper Sandler — Analyst
John Hecht — Jefferies LLC — Analyst
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Meng Jiao — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Good morning. My name is Maria, and I’ll be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the First Quarter 2020 Discover Financial Services Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Thank you.
I will now turn the call over to Mr. Craig Streem, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Craig Streem — Investor Relations
Sure. Thanks a lot Maria. Good morning everybody and welcome to our call. We’ll begin on slide 2 of our earnings presentation, which you can find as always in the financial section of our Investor Relations website investorrelations.discover.com. Our discussion this morning contains certain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. Please refer to our notices regarding forward-looking statements that appear in today’s earnings press release and presentation. Our call this morning will include remarks from our CEO, Roger Hochschild; and from John Greene, our Chief Financial Officer. And after we conclude our formal comments, there will be time, as Maria said, for a question-and-answer session. During the Q&A session, we appreciate it if you limit yourself initially to one question. If you have a follow-up maybe queue back in so we can be sure to accommodate as many participants as possible.
And now, it’s my pleasure to turn the call over to Roger.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Thanks, Craig, and thanks to our listeners for joining today’s call. I hope all of you and your families are staying healthy and safe during these very challenging times. I’d also like to take a moment to acknowledge and thank the healthcare workers, first responders, grocery store workers, and many others who’ve been working so hard and often great personal sacrifice for the benefit of our communities and country. The structure of this call will be a bit different than our traditional earnings calls. After my opening remarks, John will discuss our first quarter results with a particular focus on the reserve build. I’ll then come back and provide additional information as to what we have been seeing since the end of the first quarter.
Here at Discover, our top priority has been the health and safety of our employees. Our headquarters functions moved to work from home on March 16 with minimal disruption. And our technology team and field leadership did an incredible job getting nearly all of our 8,000 Discover call center team members working from the safety of their homes within two weeks. A robust business continuity plans, digital business model and a 100% U.S.-based customer service helped ensure our representatives were ready, even as we faced an unprecedented increase in call volumes from concerned customers impacted by the coronavirus. Early on in the crisis we answered 95% of calls in less than five minutes. And for April, as our team got more comfortable working from home, average call times have been under one minute.
We are providing significant support to our customers across every product to help them through this crisis. We’ve expanded payment plans across our credit card, student and personal loan and home equity products and waived fees on CD early withdrawals for customers who need emergency access to their funds. Our strong capital position and balanced funding model are also a source of strength. John will provide additional detail but I’m especially pleased with the strong demand we are seeing for our deposit products. Some of the early impacts of the pandemic can be seen in our first quarter results specifically in sales volume and card loan growth. For the company overall, we generated a net loss of $61 million or $0.25 per share as the benefits of solid growth in average loans were more than offset by higher provision expense.
As we adopted the CECL reserve methodology on January 1, the reserve build this quarter reflected the Life of Loan view as well as an outlook for a weaker economy and higher unemployment. Actions we have taken since the crisis began includes significant tightening of underwriting for new card and personal loan accounts with additional employment verification and we’ve pulled back on balance transfer offers and line increases. As I’ve mentioned on prior calls, for the last 18 months we have been tightening credit at the margin, as we have felt for some time that we are in late credit cycle. But given the present environment we are adopting a significantly more cautious view. To give you a sense for how our card portfolio compares today with how it looked at the end of 2007, our contingent liability, meaning the total open to buy for our card products has been reduced from roughly 5.7 times loans to around 2.7 times.
And the percentage of the portfolio below a FICO score of 660 has gone from 26% at that time, down to 19% at the end of 2019. So while we are not immune from the impacts of deterioration in the economy, our portfolio is significantly better positioned than it was ahead of the last financial crisis. In addition to our credit actions we are taking a hard look at operating expenses to ensure investments align with the economic environment. We are implementing approximately $400 million of cost reductions over the remaining three quarters of 2020 and will continue to review expense levels as the economic environment evolves.
I’ll now ask John to discuss key aspects of our financial results in more detail. Then I’ll come back to discuss the current environment.
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Roger, and good morning everyone. Before I begin, I want to echo Roger’s thanks to all the people working on the front lines of the pandemic. I also want to thank all of our Discover associates. They’ve pivoted to a work from home environment while maintaining their high service levels and professionalism throughout. Today, I will summarize the results for the quarter, then provide details on our credit performance and loan provisions. I’ll conclude with an update on capital and funding trends before turning the call back over to Roger to summarize our COVID-19 response actions. In light of the uncertainty in the economy, we are withdrawing our previously provided guidance.
But as Roger mentioned, we are targeting $400 million of cost reductions through the balance of the year, with the majority in the second half. Our expense actions include, reducing account acquisition expense, cutting spending on brand awareness and consideration activities, and reducing vendor and technology spend. We will continue to review all discretionary spending as the payback on incremental spend has changed. In the interest of focusing our comments this morning on the impacts of the pandemic and our responses, we are not going to review our customary slides on loan growth, payment volumes, and revenue. But you can [Indecipherable] disclosures on slide 11 to 16 in the appendix to this presentation. And as always, we are happy to take questions on these or any other aspects of the quarterly results.
On slide 4, looking at key elements of the income statement, revenue, net of interest expense increased 5% this quarter, driven primarily by a 6% increase in average loans and a $35 million net gain in our Payment Services segment, principally from the sale of a portion of an equity investment. Net interest margin was 10.21% for the first quarter. This was down 25 basis points year-over-year, due largely to lower loan yields as the prime rate came down in response to Fed rate cuts in September and October of last year. This was partially offset by lower funding costs. The additional Fed rate cuts in March of this year will impact net interest margin beginning in the second quarter. Provisions for credit losses include a net charge off of $769 million, up 8% from last year and an increase in reserves of approximately $1 billion, reflecting the deterioration in the economic outlook.
I’ll have some additional comments in credit in a moment but before we turn to the next slide, I want to discuss operating expenses. They were up 13% from the prior year first quarter. The increase was principally due to higher compensation expense, increased marketing cost and investments in technology. Turning now to slide 5, showing our key credit metrics, credit performance remained stable in the first quarter. We did not see any discernible impacts from the National COVID-19 containment activity or from our own credit mitigation actions in response. Card charge-offs increased 15 basis points from last year’s quarter due principally to seasoning of loan growth. The credit card 30 plus delinquency rate was up 17 basis points from last year, but flat versus the prior quarter with both metrics reflecting consistent performance and typical seasonal patterns.
Our private student loan and personal loan portfolios also had stable credit performance in the quarter with both showing slight improvements in charge-offs and delinquency rates. On slide 6, you’ll see our allowance for credit losses. We added $2.5 billion to the allowance for credit losses in January of this year as we transition to a life of loan CECL basis. At the end of the quarter, we added approximately $1 billion to the allowance largely due to changes in the macroeconomic forecast. The reserve build assumes unemployment rising to more than 9% recovering through 2022 and a decline in GDP of nearly 18%. We also included our best estimate of the reserve implications of the government stimulus programs. As the economic outlook evolves and the impacts of the various government relief programs become more clear, we will adjust our allowance accordingly.
Turning to slide 7, our common equity Tier 1 ratio increased 10 basis points sequentially mainly due to a decrease in loan balances, partially offset by capital returns. For purpose of calculating regulatory capital, we have elected to defer recognition of the CECL Day 1 adjustment for two years. So, we will begin to phase in our Day 1 CECL impacts in 2022 with 100% phased in by 2025. The federal banking regulators have also provided to phase-in for the Day 2 impacts of CECL with 25% of the quarterly reserve build also being deferred until 2022 and then treated the same as the Day 1 deferral. Our payout ratio, which includes buybacks was 99% over the last 12 months. As Roger noted, we have suspended our share buyback program but we will continue to fund our regular quarterly dividend.
Our liquidity position remains very strong. As of the end of the quarter, we had $19 billion in liquid assets, $6 billion in committed borrowing capacity through privately placed asset-backed securitizations, and $35 billion in borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve discount window. As of April 20, our liquid assets have grown to more than $23 billion. In addition to those forms of actual and committed liquidity, we have access to funding through our direct-to-consumer deposit channel with average deposits increasing 20% year-over-year and now making up over 55% of total funding. Based on the strength of consumer demand, yesterday, we reduced rates on our savings accounts by 10 basis point and will continue to look for opportunities to do so. In summary, good progress on the expense front, liquidity is robust, capital remains strong and we continue to monitor and manage our credit exposure.
And now, I’ll turn the call back over to Roger.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Thanks, John. While we will not be providing new guidance, given the uncertain economic outlook, I do want to provide you with an update on two key areas where the COVID-19 pandemic is impacting our business in a way that was not captured in the Q1 results. On slide 8, we’re giving you a detailed look at sales volume trends to illustrate how COVID-19 has affected cardholder spending in April as compared to the much smaller impact we saw on the first quarter sales. The first column shows the composition of sales by category for the full year 2019 so you can see where our cardholders spend is normally distributed by industry. We then give you the year-over-year growth percentages for the first quarter of 2020 and month-to-date April. On a day-adjusted basis, every day sales, which includes gas, groceries and wholesale clubs and makes up about 22% of total sales saw growth of 10% during the quarter.
So far in April however, every day sales are down 14% year-over-year as increased spending on groceries is more than offset by a 60% reduction in spend in petroleum. Discretionary spend is down 33% driven by the travel category, which although only 8% of cardholder spending is down 99% and by retail, which is down 11%. As long as stay at home orders remain in place and many businesses remain closed we expect the weak sales volume trend to continue and future trends will depend upon the pace of the recovery. Turning to slide 9, I want to take you through the Skip-a-Payment programs we have implemented to help our customers during this period of economic difficulty. We recognize that COVID-19 has placed financial stress on the Discover customers who may be out of work or have suffered reduced wages.
One of the key differences in this downturn compared to the Great Recession of 2008-2010 has been the staggering pace of job loss, but also the amount of government stimulus and the potential for many of those jobs to be restored after a hopefully brief period of unemployment. Therefore we are offering support to those impacted by COVID-19 with Skip-a-Payment programs available across all of our products, many modeled on the relief we traditionally provide for a natural disaster. Through the first half of April, we have enrolled over 450,000 customers and roughly $3.8 billion in receivables in Skip-a-Payment programs to provide financial relief to our customers across our lending products. The receivables enrolled now represent 4% of total loans. But we are encouraged that the number of daily enrollments has been declining since the level peaked in late March.
We will continue to work with these customers closely and potentially extend programs when required to meet the customers’ needs. Let me close by summarizing some of the actions we have taken to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have shifted virtually all of our employees to work from home in a sustainable model that still continues to provide an industry-leading customer experience across all of our products. We have taken swift and meaningful action to adjust our credit policies to reflect the new environment, continuing to lend but with tightened standards for new accounts and for growing existing accounts. We are implementing expense reduction initiatives while preserving key investments that will allow us to grow our business over the long term, and we are prepared for additional actions as the environment evolves.
While our capital position is strong we have suspended our share repurchase program in order to enhance our capital base. Clearly, we will have some challenging quarters ahead, but I am confident that we have taken the correct actions. None of us can foresee when the pandemic impacts will subside and allow the U.S. economy to begin to recover. But Discover is well-positioned for the recovery that we know will eventually come. We have a loyal customer base, committed employees and a strong financial foundation to build from as we look to deliver long-term value to our customers and shareholders.
That concludes our formal remarks. So I will turn the call back to our operator, Maria to open the line for Q&A.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. [Operator Instructions] And we’ll take our first question from Bob Napoli of William Blair.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Thank you and good morning everybody. Hope everybody’s well. A question on the — your outlook for unemployment and GDP since you’re reserving for the life of the loans and I know you gave some numbers. But are you — can you just go over those numbers for 2020, 2021 and what you’re expecting as far as recovery and what effect is — will that have on loan growth?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Thanks Bob. This is John. I’ll take a shot at that. So there is a wide degree of economic forecast that we took a look at while we’re building our models and ultimately our allowance. So what we built in was unemployment peaking at 9% and staying relatively high through the balance of this year so about 7% through the end of the year and then it recovers slowly through 2022. So not expecting a real quick recovery and rather slow in our allowances as reflected in that dynamic as we as we model that out. The loan — and your second part of your question on loan growth, so the loan growth will be dependent on how we see the economy and the recovery proceeding. As Roger mentioned in his comments, we have been cautious coming into this cycle and when the pandemic hit, we pulled back further, so loan growth will be subject to essentially the recovery of the economy.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
So we would expect to see loans declining, I guess from here, at least for the next quarter or two? I mean, is that fair?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Bob, there are a lot of factors that will go into where loans go. Certainly the retail spend numbers that I gave you will have a significant impact on that. The credit action and expense actions we’ve taken will have an impact on loan growth as well. But to John’s point, there’s a lot of uncertainty that will be determined by the pace of the recovery.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
Thank you. Appreciate it.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Sanjay Sakhrani of KBW.
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Thanks, good morning. And I hope you guys are doing well as well. I guess it’s been pretty well documented that since the end of March some of the economic forecasts have actually been revised worse. So could you just talk about how that might be contemplated in the future, or whether or not you guys think it should be? And then also how you guys are incorporating some of these Skip-a-Payment to cure rates and such inside your loss assumptions?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Okay, thank you. So, as I said on my response to the last question, there is a wide degree of variation on the estimate. So when we put this together, we were looking at what — likely scenario was. Now, the economic backdrop continues to evolve. So we certainly did consider that there are some overlays related to how we think about recoveries and certainly we did put a mild overlay in for the government stimulus programs, but it is uncertain. And if the economy deteriorates further and we don’t see a recovery that will have reserve implications. If it runs out as we’ve modeled that will also play through into the balance sheet and the P&L. So I know I’m not being real specific on your answer, but at this point given the uncertainty this was our best estimate. In terms of your second part of your question on Skip-a-Pay, so that — the nature of that program is — for card is that an inbound call will happen.
The customer, if they’re impacted by COVID, they’ll get an automatic, basically payment deferral. They won’t have to make the payment. If they call back a second time, they can get a second deferral on the payment. And after that, they would either pay and go current or continue to kind of roll into delinquency buckets and ultimately charge-offs. So as we provisioned, we thought about life of loan provisions and feel like we did a reasonably good job of capturing the dynamics on the portfolio. The one impact on Skip-a-Pay is that if a customer is in trouble and isn’t able to pay it will result in up to a two-month deferral into charge-off just by the nature of how things roll. But I do want to point out that just over 80% of those customers who entered into the Skip-a-Pay program were current at that time.
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Okay. And just to clarify, I guess the same forecast you used for your assumptions in the first quarter, have those actually been revised for the worse in early into the second quarter? And if everything remain the same would that mean that there would have to be an additional provision or are you saying that it’s really subjective based on sort of how you’re seeing things unfold based on your own forecasts?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, so there is a number of factors and I’m not trying to be allusive here, Sanjay, but unemployment and GDP contraction are obviously key inputs. The duration of the slowdown will also be important, geographic input impacts are important, job classes are important. So ultimately, it will be a matter of the pace of the recovery, but just to go back to clarify my remarks, so we assumed just over 9% unemployment levels at a peak and then a very, very slow recovery in 2020 and then coming in through 2022.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
And Sanjay, just to build on that, the reserve is calculated at a point in time and so we’ll go through a similar process next quarter. My guess is there will be a lot of ups and downs in economic forecasts between now and then. And I would contrast that with in terms of how we make our credit decisions that is done on a near continuous basis, and a much more granular level. And so we’re looking by industry sector, we’re looking by geographic area. We’re making decisions on who we book, line assignment, how much employment verification we do. So I contrast the reserve calculation with how we’re managing credit, which is near continuous.
Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst
Okay, great. Thank you.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Mark DeVries of Barclays.
Mark DeVries — Barclays — Analyst
Yeah, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. It sounds like your macro assumptions are not too dissimilar from the last recession as far as kind of, where unemployment peaks and the pace of the recovery. Yet the card reserve reflects cumulative losses that are probably less than half of what you experienced in ’08, ’09 timeframe. Can you just talk about how — the portfolio has changed in a manner that it makes you comfortable that the losses won’t approach what we saw in the last recession?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
There is a couple of important pieces related to the portfolio that change. So Roger mentioned this in his comments in terms of the open to buy. So the open to buy has reduced by about $54 billion from the last recession to this recession. Average FICO scores in the portfolio have increased between 500 basis points and 600 basis points, which is a material change. Our underwriting frankly is far more sophisticated than it was 10 years ago. And frankly, the actions that this business undertook when the pandemic started to actually drive some real difficult employment numbers was drastic and very, very quick. So I don’t know if it’s — if there is a perfect formulary between the last recession and this recession, time will tell. But certainly, I feel like the business is well-positioned and took decisive action. And again, if the economic outlook changes, we’ll adjust the reserves and the allowance accordingly.
Mark DeVries — Barclays — Analyst
Okay, fair enough. Thank you.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Don Fandetti of Wells Fargo. Don, your line is open. Make sure you’re not on mute.
Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Yes, John. Try to sort of tell you to a specific number on the stimulus, is it realistic that you could have as you’ve looked at your scenarios maybe a point or two lower net charge-offs from stimulus? And then secondarily, most financial institutions have said there’d probably be another reserve build, a sizable reserve build in Q2. Just wanted to, I know you’ve talked a lot about it, but is that the case as you sit here today in April?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
So real difficult to answer at this point. So we’re going to monitor the economy and our portfolio and actually how our customers are performing and make appropriate calls on reserve builds in subsequent quarters. In terms of the government stimulus programs, the impact that we modeled was relatively modest. So I don’t know if I would go to a full percentage point on charge-offs, but there was a mild impact. And as we see that unfold, it will become more clear. The key thing on the stimulus programs at least initially was with the unemployment checks going out in the $600, I’ll say benefit, that’s a front-loaded impact and we’ll have to see how things develop on the back half of the year.
Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Okay, thank you. That’s helpful.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Bill Carcache of Nomura.
Bill Carcache — Nomura Securities — Analyst
Thank you. Good morning. Roger and John, I was hoping to follow-up on your thoughts about the potential benefit from government relief programs, specifically on the paycheck protection program. Can you comment on the idea that unemployed consumers who are receiving payments under PPP and therefore are not receiving unemployment insurance maybe understating the true level of initial claims, which you guys have always cited as an important leading indicator of credit performance? And then if we extend that line of thinking, how much of a concern is there that like those receiving unemployment insurance, employees participating in PPP face uncertainty about their employment outlook and still have to make decisions about which bills to pay first, what that means for the unsecured credit card? Just I guess, the overall consensus view seems to be that PPP is a positive in the near-term, but it’s not a longer term fix and I was just hoping to that you could maybe speak a little bit more to I guess, the broad potential that the PPP program will benefit, your loss experience and your confidence level in that? Thanks.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, I mean, I think all of the government stimulus provides a benefit, but given the depth of the decrease in economic activity what we all really need is for the economy to start back up again and that will depend on the pace of re-openings in different states and it is impossible for us to forecast as we sit here. Some of the traditional relationships may break down a bit. A lot of the initial unemployment claims have been driven by, I would say entry-level employees and retail, restaurant, other industries that may have less of a correlation with what we see in our prime card base. So there is a necessary even the same one-to-one interaction that we would have seen in previous downturns where the job mix was different and that job mix may change over time during this recession as well. So I would summarize with, the government programs are helpful but what we really need is the economy to get going again and so lot of this will depend on the pace of the recovery.
Bill Carcache — Nomura Securities — Analyst
Thanks, that’s helpful. I guess maybe if I could just follow-up with a conceptual question on CECL. I guess, a different way of asking would come up on the idea that if macro conditions were to continue to deteriorate relative to your expectations at the end of Q1. At a high level, is it reasonable to expect that we will see additional reserve building? And then therefore when conditions stop deteriorating, we’ll stop seeing additional reserve building and maybe kind of another way to ask that is if you can envision a scenario where you would need to continue to build more reserves even after economic conditions start to improve? Just trying to get — just get the big picture idea of how CECL is going to work.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Okay. So big picture, if the economic conditions continue to deteriorate, there will be two dynamics that are likely to happen. One would be CECL life of loan provisions would increase, so the allowance would increase. We would also take appropriate actions to ensure that our portfolio is stable and the lending activity we were doing made sense. So you could expect that the portfolio frankly might not increase and would actually decrease and if that were the case, you would see some level of offset as a result of reserve releases tied to the portfolio size or the overall loan size. So there’s multiple dynamics there that come into play, but I hope that conceptually helpful.
Bill Carcache — Nomura Securities — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Jason Kupferberg of Bank of America.
Maher — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst
Hi, thank you for taking my question. I wanted to ask a little bit more about just the forbearance programs. Sorry, firstly, this is Maher [Phonetic] on for Jason. I wanted to ask about the forbearance program and the Skip-a-Pay. Are you also continuing some of your typical modification programs here? And can you just help us a little bit with the mechanics in terms of just how you deal with the fact with whether you’d lower credit limits available to borrow, etc, for those who seek either of these programs? And just how you expect that to lead — like with the Skip-a-Pay, whether you — will people be transitioning from that if they continue to grow through the delinquency buckets to your other modification programs? Or is it that once you do the Skip-a-Pay, now you don’t — you aren’t eligible for some of those other programs? Just want to understand a little bit more on how you’re dealing with some of the delinquencies? Thank you.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, it’s Roger. Let me try it at a high level. As John described for card, it’s a two-month program, up to two months for Skip-a-Pay but they do one month. Less than 5% have renewed for the second month, so we’ll see how that plays out over time. We do still have our programs for customers that need a longer period of assistance. Regulators have been encouraging us and others to maximize the support we provide for customers. But again, I think it really does depend on the pace of recovery. As John pointed out, over 80% of those taking advantage of Skip-a-Pay are current and so our hope would be, and again, that’s why we’ve modeled it after some of disaster relief programs we traditionally had that they will require a shorter bridge. And then we’ll be able to get back to paying their bills, if not we have longer term programs to assist them.
Maher — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst
And just, sorry, just to clarify on that one, do you do anything with the longer — with Skip-a-Pay that there is no change to their credit limits available to borrowers, etc? Correct?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
No. For those who have signed up for Skip-a-Pay, it does not impact their credit limits.
Maher — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst
Understood. Thank you.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Rick Shane of J.P. Morgan.
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Hi guys. Thanks for taking my questions this morning. Thank you for all the information on the Skip-a-Pay. I’m curious what you’re seeing in terms of payment behaviors for consumers who are on Skip-a-Pay programs. Are you seeing an increase in consumers who are making minimum payments on a monthly basis?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
So we’re still [Indecipherable] pattern to emerge and part of it is driven by the drastic reduction in sales volume that you’ve seen. What I would say is that reduction in sales is relatively equal across transactors and revolvers. And so, it’s balanced in that way. But what happens with payment rate, I think will be determined on how quickly those sales ramp up. Some people making larger payments and you can see from the inflow into our deposit products, there are a lot of households who are still okay but are looking to fortify their position. So I’d say it’s too early to really pick out a pattern in terms of impact of all these changes on payment rate.
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Got it, okay. And we share your view in looking at this in the context of a natural disaster in terms of how the challenges emerge. But one thing that historically has been subsequent to a natural disaster are significant insurance payments into those regions, which create things like huge cash inflows. We’ve seen deposit spikes associated with that. I don’t necessarily think that we’re going to see that this time. Is it your view that that will actually change the post event payment behavior and credit characteristics?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
There is a lot of speculation out there. In some ways this is like a natural disaster. In other ways, there is a big debate in terms of the resurgence of economic activity that you get from rebuilding after a disaster. You won’t quite have that here. And so, the economic — people aren’t going to go to twice as many restaurants. And so, is that economic activity just lost? I would say probably while you don’t have the degree of insurance payments, you do have an unprecedented amount of governmental assistance. And my guess is, you’ll continue to see additional programs. So that is probably a bit of an offset compared to what you would have seen coming out of insurance.
Rick Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Got it. Hey, thank you for taking my questions and we wish everybody their health and safety. Thank you.
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Rick.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Thanks, Rick.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Kevin Barker of Piper Sandler.
Kevin Barker — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Thanks. Just in regards to the liability side of the balance sheet, I mean are you seeing changes in behavior on your deposit side? And what are your expectations going into the second and third quarter on just overall deposit growth given the differing — the stimulus checks combined with stress across unemployment. I know it’s difficult to really pinpoint it, but it seems like there could be a lot of overlays where you might actually see a little bit of pickup in deposits and then maybe a decline. Can you just give us a little idea on your expectations there?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So I think supply and demand are starting to come into balance. But it’s going to take another quarter or so. The appetite for our deposit products has actually been very, very good. We’ve traditionally been second or third on the bank rate table. We have then recently been a little bit more aggressive on the downward side based on the overall demand for our product. So I think certain people are coming out of equities and looking for a safe place to put their cash. I think other folks have looked at our offerings and our service levels and decided that we’re a good spot and they’ve chosen us. So as we look forward in future, I’ll say future quarters, it’ll be subject to a couple of things. So the supply and the demand factors — what our competitors are doing. And then obviously our own performance, but we look to kind of move on the deposit pricing to actually pull back some of the NIM that was impacted by the Fed actions.
Kevin Barker — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Okay. And then in regards to some of the programs that you laid out with the $400 million of expense savings, should we assume that that’s off of what your previous guidance was or is that completely separate from what you.
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thank you. Yeah, that was off the previous guidance. And as we said when we issued that it was — it’d be best based on a strict payback analysis. So are we going to get long-term returns for the incremental investment with the economic backdrop changing? We, of course, made the appropriate decisions.
Kevin Barker — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Thank you for taking my question.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of John Hecht of Jefferies.
John Hecht — Jefferies LLC — Analyst
Good morning, guys. And thanks very much for taking my question. Your first question is where are we on utilization rates and average balances? And how does that compare to maybe a period entering the last recession?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
I’m sorry, can you repeat the first part of that question?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Utilization.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Utilization rates, so as you look at overall utilization rates for the portfolio, I think we showed that the amount of contingent liability, i.e., the ratio, which is kind of the ops of utilization is significantly down from prior years. So one, as part of the credit tightening that we’ve done over the last several years a key component has been tightening contingent liability and tightening that exposure.
John Hecht — Jefferies LLC — Analyst
Okay, thank you. And then, I’m trying to quantify the effects of the rate changes in March. How much of the impact to benchmark rate did you see in the quarter? I know it was later in the quarter and what do we think about NIM trends over the next quarter or two?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Okay. So we didn’t see any impact in the quarter from the Fed reductions at the end of March. So there is about 150 basis points of reduction. So we’re not giving guidance, but I’m going to give you a couple of points in terms of how to think about it. So the 150 basis points hit, there is an impact for three quarters of the year on that. Our deposit betas have traditionally been about 50%. We took some proactive steps early in the year reducing overall deposit rates by 20 basis points to 50 basis points depending on the product. And then we’re pulling back on the promo mix, which should also help rates. So you put those factors together and I think it draws a picture of how our NIM could look for the year. Now the quarterly trends are going to be a little bit different based on what’s happening in the particular quarter on revolver and transactor mix.
John Hecht — Jefferies LLC — Analyst
Perfect. Thank you guys very much.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Moshe Orenbuch of Credit Suisse.
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Great, thanks. Roger, maybe as you kind of sit and think and obviously you’re going to be doing less marketing but you’re going to be doing it kind of in a different mix of products. And as you think about Discover’s product set and service niche, kind of how do you think about what you are going to be doing and where there are opportunities to capitalize, and maybe if you could also just throw in thoughts on rewards competition in this environment as well? Thanks.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, thanks Moshe for the question. One of the things we’re trying to do is keep an eye on the opportunity in this environment. And so even as we’ve made cuts we continue to make investments as well that will strengthen Discover, build the brand, and make sure we’re in great shape for the future. So we’re excited about the partnership with QIWI [Phonetic] that just launched. Products such as our Miles Card where you have the ability to redeem at Amazon and PayPal, that’s a lot more useful than programs that were structured just around travel. Our third quarter promotion is for restaurants, for the 5% program. We think that will resonate very, very well. And our rewards rate and product is really structured well for a wide variety of scenarios.
So for example, issuers that have big sign up bonuses, they’re having to extend the period to earn those because of the reduced level of retail sales and complaints from their customers where ours is just a flat match for the first year of spending. So we’re very excited about where our products are positioned. We’ve talked a lot about the traction we’re getting in deposits. I also think a lot of our messages really will resonate in this environment. Who wants to waste money on a credit card with an annual fee? And we’re the only one with only no annual fee products. So we’re really excited about some of the opportunities we’re seeing in this environment.
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Great. I would assume that you would expect better — whether it’s a response rate or conversion rates and things, you know like that in this — while marketing is lower you might have some of that?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, we’re seeing — and some of it plays out in the personal loan space for example, some of the traditional competitors and the FinTechs who do not have robust funding models are cutting very, very aggressively. So even with reduced marketing, we’re still hoping to generate good results.
Moshe Orenbuch — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Great, thanks very much.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Betsy Graseck of Morgan Stanley.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Hi, good morning, and thanks for all the comments. A couple of questions. Just one earlier, I think you mentioned something about how this recession is going to be very different from previous ones in part because of the quick job losses and then expected recoveries. Do you know the job types by customer that you have?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
We get it at the time of underwriting so some of it can drift over time. It varies a bit by product. We have much better information for the personal loan customers is an example. We don’t have our student loan customers given they haven’t been employed. So it does vary, but I would say, we have very strong for personal loans and a good amount on the card portfolio.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Okay. And then separately on the reserving as you know, folks like us who are looking at the reserve levels relative to the 2018 bank loan stress test just to get a sense as to how you’re comping this upcoming recession versus that stress loss scenario that you ran a couple of years ago? And when we look at that the credit card reserve that you’ve taken is running, if my math is right, around 45%-ish of that stress loss period, but the other consumer is running much higher. And on the other consumer products I think it averages around high ‘80%s, low ‘90%s. So I was just wondering is there a reason why you feel this [Indecipherable] is going to be tougher on that other consumer. And does it have to do with your answer you just gave or is there anything else there?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
I would say, it really has to do with more technical differences between the nature of those two different stresses. A lot of it has to do with when a recovery comes in. So just comparing scenarios based on peak loss can give you different numbers. So I wouldn’t say it’s anything different we’re seeing by asset class. It’s more technical based on those scenarios.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Okay. And then just two other quick ones. When people sign up for Skip-a-Pay, and let’s say they go for the one month, is it automatic that they can go for the two months or they have to call in every time or check it on the email?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, Betsy, they have to call in on the card side.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Okay. All right and I guess with the call times being extremely low, that’s not going to be a challenge for them. And then lastly, on the forbearance side with the call-ins that you’ve been receiving, from the slide deck, obviously, it shows that the beginning of April was the peak and I got a few questions overnight. Why do you think that’s the case that the requests for Skip-a-Pay have already started to decelerate at a time when unemployment claims are still rising here?
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, that’s a good question. Some of it could be related to the government stimulus programs and then it could be just the cycle. We do expect the trend to decline and then a modest pick up as they approach into the second month for certain customers. But we’ll have to see.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, I mean, I guess I would probably point to, A, people may have a better feel of what stress is coming their way even before they’re actually unemployed and so they may have called us, knowing that their boss say, hey, we got one week left and then we’re closing down. So there isn’t necessarily that line of sight. The second thing, my personal view is unemployment claims have actually been gated by capacity to process as opposed to each week 6 million people are losing their jobs. And so, that’s why we would have seen the bubble earlier, because we didn’t have that same capacity constraint that I believe you’ve seen around unemployment claims.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Okay. That’d be great — it’d be great to update that as you get in front of people to over the quarter. Thanks.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Meng Jiao of Deutsche Bank.
Meng Jiao — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Hey, good morning guys. One quick question, I guess on the Skip-a-Pay payment. Can you guys give further demographics, I guess on what you’re seeing in these customers? I mean, is it – is it safe to assume that the lower FICO score customers are the ones currently enrolling in the Skip-a-Pay payments or is that too much of a generalization?
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
You know, I would say, we talked about over for a card at least over 80% are current. They are relatively highly utilized in terms of the amount of balance. But there’s actually a mix of some that are transactors as well historically in that. So that’s probably the information we’re willing to provide at this time.
Meng Jiao — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Okay. Thank you.
Craig Streem — Investor Relations
Maria, our last question.
Operator
Our last question comes from the line of Bob Napoli of William Blair.
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
[Technical Issues]
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Bob, you’re very hard to hear. Bob?
Bob Napoli — William Blair — Analyst
[Technical Issues]
John T. Greene — Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, hey, Bob, I’m sorry, hey, this is John.
Craig Streem — Investor Relations
Maria, it sounds like we may have a line crossed or some other call. I’m not sure if that’s the questioner. Something sounded really strange there.
Operator
And I went ahead and removed Bob from the queue.
Craig Streem — Investor Relations
Okay. And you can prompt if there’s anything else and if not, we’ll terminate the call.
Operator
[Operator Instructions] And I’m showing no further questions, sir. I would like to turn it back over for management for any additional or closing remarks.
Craig Streem — Investor Relations
Thanks, Maria. Everybody, thank you for your attention, your interest this morning and we will talk to you again as needed. Thanks.
Roger C. Hochschild — Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
Stay safe. Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]