Goldman Sachs Group Inc (NYSE: GS) Q4 2019 Earnings Conference Call
Jan. 15, 2020
Corporate Participants:
Heather Kennedy Miner — Head of Investor Relations
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Glenn Schorr — Evercore — Analyst
Christian Bolu — Autonomous — Analyst
Michael Carrier — Bank of America — Analyst
Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Mike Mayo — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Brennan Hawken — UBS — Analyst
Jim Mitchell — Buckingham Research — Analyst
Chris Kotowski — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst
Gerard Cassidy — RBC — Analyst
Brian Kleinhanzl — KBW — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Good morning, my name is Dennis, and I will be your conference facilitator today. I would like to welcome everyone to the Goldman Sachs Fourth Quarter 2019 Earnings Conference Call. This call is being recorded today, January 15, 2020.
Thank you, Ms. Miner, you may begin your conference.
Heather Kennedy Miner — Head of Investor Relations
Good morning. This is Heather Kennedy Miner, Head of Investor Relations at Goldman Sachs. Welcome to our fourth quarter earnings conference call.
Today, we will reference our earnings presentation, which can be found on the Investor Relations page of our website at www.gs.com. Note information on forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures appear on the earnings release and presentation. This audiocast is copyrighted material of the Goldman Sachs Group Inc., and may not be duplicated, reproduced, or rebroadcast without our consent.
Today, I’m joined by our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, David Solomon; and our Chief Financial Officer, Stephen Scherr. David will start with brief highlights on our financial results, give an update on the broader operating environment, including developments related to 1MDB, and provide context for our upcoming Investor Day. Stephen will then discuss the recent enhancements we’ve made to our segment financial presentation, and cover fourth quarter and full-year 2019 results in detail. They will be happy to take your questions after that.
I’ll now pass the call over to David. David?
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Heather. And thanks everyone for joining us this morning. I’m happy to be here with you.
Let me begin on Page 1. In the fourth quarter, net revenues were $10 billion, up 23% versus a year ago. marking our highest fourth quarter since 2007. Net earnings were $1.9 billion, resulting in an earnings per share of $4.69 and an ROE of 8.7%. I would note that we took a $1.1 billion litigation charge during the quarter, which burdened EPS and ROE by $2.95 and 5.3% respectively. Overall, our business performed well and against an improved market environment relative to the challenging backdrop experienced a year ago.
For the 2019 full year, we generated firm-wide net revenues of $36.5 billion, nearly matching last year, which was our highest year in eight years. We reported a return on equity of 10% and return on tangible equity of 10.6%. Litigation impact ROE and ROTE was approximately 150 basis points for the year.
We had a number of accomplishments in 2019. Our incumbent businesses across the firm performed well, and our new business initiatives progressed as planned as we navigated a dynamic operating environment over the course of the year. On the revenue side, our Global Markets business produced stronger results in an environment that improved over the year, driven by strong leadership and a clear focus on client service.
We generated solid growth in FICC, driven by strength across strength across our franchise, including rates, commodities and mortgages. We grew firm-wide assets under supervision to record levels. We also delivered strong equity investment performance, which is an important precursor to our Alternatives platform expansion plans.
In Investment Banking, our performance was solid in the context of lower industry deal volumes. We held a commanding lead in our M&A business, and maintained our Number 1 position in equity underwriting. While our operating expenses grew as a function of litigation and investments in our businesses, we actively controlled our cost across both compensation and non-compensation, providing capacity to fund our growth. From this position of strength, we achieved important milestones in 2019 across our key growth opportunities.
We continued to institutionalize our One Goldman Sachs operating philosophy, keeping clients at the center of everything we do. We launched the firm’s first ever credit card platform in partnership with Apple, and generated over $850 million in net revenues across our broader Consumer Banking business. We completed the initial build of our digital transaction banking platform and processed over $2 trillion of payments on behalf of the firm. Our platform roll-out to the third-party clients remains planned for the first half of this year.
We acquired United Capital, bolstering our capabilities to provide a full spectrum of wealth management services to individuals. We realigned our investing businesses into a cohesive unit to support our alternatives growth platform. We enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of the firm by integrating major portions of our operations and engineering teams into our businesses. And we strengthened our engineering capabilities with strategic hires of a new Chief Technology Officer, and a Co-Chief Information Officer, and added talent across the firm.
Importantly, we made significant investments to expand our client franchise, grow and diversify our revenues, and operate more efficiently. Including these investments, our overall performance was solid, even though our investments reduced our returns in 2019. We are confident that they are improving the long-term profitability of Goldman Sachs.
Turning to the operating environment on Page 2. In the fourth quarter, we had solid engagement with our institutional clients and strong growth with our individual clients, notwithstanding corporate client sentiment remained more measured. During the quarter, we saw a steadily rising asset prices, improvement in the secured funding markets as the Federal Reserve took steps to bring stability throughout the quarter and particularly over year end. We also saw progress toward Brexit resolution, following the UK general election, and improvements in the US/China trade tensions, including the Phase 1 agreement. These conditions contributed to a supportive market making backdrop relative to a year ago. Looking forward, our economists continue to expect global GDP growth in excess of 3% over the next two years.
In the US, the fourth quarter provided a backdrop of solid growth, evidenced by steepening yield curve and continued strong consumer sentiment. Conditions remain supported by the Federal Reserve’s three mid-cycle rate cuts in 2019. Going forward, we expect US growth to continue to run at about 2%, given robust labor markets, low inflation, and strong wage growth.
In Europe, growth continues to remain relatively low, given manufacturing weakness. However, in China, trade headwinds appear to have moderated with both monetary and fiscal stimulus supporting growth estimates of nearly 6%. While we continue to monitor economic data, and emerging geopolitical risks, including escalating US/Iran tensions, based on what we see today, we remain optimistic that the current constructive environment for economic growth can continue.
Next I would like to take a moment to discuss the situation with 1MDB. As we mentioned last quarter, we are in ongoing discussions relating to a potential settlement of issues related to 1MDB with the relevant authorities across multiple jurisdictions, including, most notably, the US and Malaysia. Given the nature of these negotiations, we determine the need to take a litigation charge in the fourth quarter.
As I noted earlier, our legal provision in the quarter was $1.1 billion with the preponderance related to 1MDB. While there can be no assurance of reaching a settlement or the timing if we do, our conversations with the authorities are progressing and remain active. We are working hard to bring close — to bring closure to this matter as quickly as possible. As I’ve said in the past, we do not believe this matter is representative of our long-standing values. Over the past several years, we’ve taken the time to be self-critical and reflective to ensure that our culture of integrity, collaboration, and escalation only improves from this experience. These efforts will continue.
Lastly, before passing it over to Stephen, I would like to briefly address our upcoming Investor Day, which will be held on Wednesday, January 29. Through a series of presentations from John, Stephen and me, and our business and control side leadership, we hope to provide our stakeholders additional insight into the firm strategic direction. We will provide a detailed review of our strategic priorities by business, including new products and services that we have highlighted to you previously. We will also provide financial targets and goals by which our progress can be measured. We hope you will join us for the day either in person or via webcast.
With that I will turn it over to Stephen.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, David. Let’s turn to Page 3. Before reviewing our financial results, I’d like to spend a moment discussing our new financial disclosure. On January 7, we announced a realignment of our segments, which form the basis of our earnings presentation today. We now report the following four businesses; Investment Banking, Global Markets, Asset Management, and Consumer & Wealth Management.
We believe our revised financial reporting, reflects our ongoing commitment to transparency. The segments more closely aligned to how we now manage the firm with clear lines of management responsibility, and leadership over each segment. The segments importantly also reflect how we serve our key clients, including corporations, governments, institutions and individuals. And lastly, the segments provide for greater accountability in the execution of our forward strategy, as our initiatives are executed and reported.
Importantly, I would note the key structural change to eliminate the investing in Lending segment is consistent with our business strategy, and will allow you to track our lending and financing activities, alongside the relevant businesses, as well as to allow our progress in a more transparent way. Also of note, and consistent with our broad commitment to transparency, we elected not to create a corporate segment. This is a different approach than many of our peers, who retained costs or capital at the corporate level. We believe our process of allocating all firm-wide costs and capital is a prudent management tool, and a more comprehensive way of evaluating the true performance of our businesses.
Next, let me itemize several of the more significant elements of our segment changes, which we listed in our recent 8-K filing. As I mentioned, the most significant change was the elimination of investing and lending. Now the results of our lending and financing activities are included within each of the four segments. For example, corporate lending activity is included in our Investment Banking segment. This encompasses relationship lending, transaction-related financing, and broader lending to our corporate clients. Secured or collateralized financing activity on behalf of institutional clients of our securities business, is now reflected in FICC and equities financing, within our Global Markets segment. Lending related to our alternatives investing businesses, including investments in debt securities and real estate credit, is reflected in the Asset Management segment. And lending to our individual clients across all wealth bands, is in the Consumer & Wealth Management segment.
Additionally, we now report the firm’s on-balance sheet equity, credit and real estate investing activities in our Asset Management segment. This segment houses both GSAM, and our merchant banking activities for asset management clients, supporting our third-party alternatives business expansion. Consolidating our on-balance sheet and third-party asset management investing activities, is consistent with our forward strategy. To that end, this segment includes management and incentive fees, associated with asset management clients across the full spectrum of asset classes, from cash to alternatives, and will also include the impact of quarterly valuation changes, the balance sheet positions held in public and private equity investments.
Another significant change is additional disclosure in our new Consumer & Wealth Management segment, including wealth management fees, incentive fees, private banking, and lending revenues as well as Consumer Banking revenues. This segment houses our longstanding private wealth business as well as our newer consumer offerings. Broadly speaking, and as I noted earlier, the new segments align with the client orientation of the firm. Investment Banking, Global Markets and Asset Management, encompass the firm’s engagement with corporates, governments and institutions, and Consumer & Wealth Management includes our engagement with individuals.
With that as background, let me review the financial results of the firm on the basis of our new segments. Starting on Page 4. Investment Banking produced fourth quarter net revenues of $2.1 billion, up 12% versus the third quarter, but down 6% versus a robust fourth quarter last year. For the full year, Investment Banking net revenues were $7.6 billion, our second highest ever, down 7% from a record 2018, reflecting lower industry deal volumes.
Fourth quarter financial advisory revenues of $855 million were up 23% sequentially, but down 29% versus last year, consistent with lower industry volumes. In 2019, we participated in $1.4 trillion of announced transactions, and closed 375 deals for nearly $1.3 trillion of deal volume, contributing to our Number 1 M&A league table rankings. Looking forward, conditions for continued M&A activity remains solid, client dialogues are healthy, financing markets are open, and we are seeing active interest across a variety of sectors. We also continue to see strength in our backlog coming into the new year, notwithstanding solid revenue bookings from deal closings in the fourth quarter.
Moving to underwriting. Equity underwriting net revenues of $378 million were up 3% versus the third quarter, and up 23% versus last year. For the year, we ranked Number 1 globally in equity underwriting, supported by $68 billion of deal volume, across more than 375 transactions. During the quarter, where we saw particular strength in our US and European equity businesses, we participated in leadership roles on several of the largest public offerings.
Turning to debt underwriting. Net revenues were $599 million, up 14% versus the third quarter, and up 37% from a year ago, reflecting higher asset-backed and leveraged finance activity. Our franchise remains well positioned, as evidenced by our Number 2 high-yield league table ranking.
Revenues from corporate lending were $232 million. These revenues relate to a net $28 billion funded portfolio of corporate loans now held in Investment Banking, as well as our portfolio of corporate lending commitments. As background, there are three components to our corporate lending portfolio; relationship lending to our corporate clients, credit extensions for strategic activity, including acquisition financing, and lending to our broadening footprint of corporate clients, where we target attractive returns. Looking forward, giving — given our active level of strategic dialogue, our expanding client footprint, and strong corporate relationships, we remain optimistic about the continued level of commercial engagement by our corporate clients, aided by the current backdrop of well functioning and constructive capital markets.
Moving to Global Markets on Page 5. Net revenues were $3.5 billion in the fourth quarter, up 33% versus last year. Our growth was driven by a better market backdrop in FICC versus the end of last year, and strong performance in our equities businesses. For the full year, Global Markets generated $14.8 billion of net revenues, up 2% versus 2018, driven by stronger FICC and higher equity financing performance. In the fourth quarter, FICC net revenues were $1.8 billion, up 5% sequentially and up 63% year-over-year. Our growth versus last year was driven by higher FICC intermediation revenues, where we saw better performance, as well as higher FICC financing revenues, notably in repo. Four out of five of our FICC market making businesses posted higher fourth quarter net revenues versus the prior year, reflecting the continued strength of our client-centric model and improved diversification of our business mix.
Our rates franchise in the US performed particularly well, as we executed on behalf of our clients and navigated the broader market environment effectively. In commodities, our business performed well across the board, driven by significantly stronger performance in oil, natural gas and power, and investor products. In mortgages, net revenues rose, aided by strong client activity and performance in agency securities. In currencies, net revenues improved versus last year, amid a better geopolitical backdrop despite lower volatility. We saw strong performance and activity around the general election in the UK, and saw healthy corporate deal contingent hedging activity in the quarter. Lastly in credit, we saw better investment grade performance in the US and EMEA, offset by lower client activity.
As we have discussed previously, we are working to further improve wallet share with each of our clients, across both risk intermediation and financing, while investing to expand our capabilities to automate workflows, serve our clients electronically, and deliver structured solutions in efficient formats.
Turning to equities on Page 6. Net revenues for the fourth quarter were $1.7 billion, down 8% versus the third quarter, but up 12% versus a year ago. Equities intermediation net revenues of $979 million rose 9% versus a year ago on stronger cash revenues in the US and Asia, and strong performance in low touch and block trading, partially offset by lower derivatives activity. Equities financing revenues of $732 million were up 17% year-over-year, reflecting improved spreads and higher client balances. Financing activity remains a strategic priority for the business, given it has historically exhibited attractive returns and considerable adjacent benefits to our broader equities franchise, particularly for our growing systematic client base.
Moving to Asset Management on Page 7. Collectively, our asset management activities produced net revenues of $3 billion in the fourth quarter, up 52% versus last year, driven by stronger equity investment performance. For the full year, Asset Management generated net revenues of $9 billion, in line with the strong 2018 as growth in equity investment revenues offset lower Incentive fees. Fourth quarter management and other fees related to client assets under supervision totaled $666 million, up 6% versus a year ago, offset by lower incentive fees. Across the Asset Management segment, we managed AUS totaling $1.3 trillion at year end, and we’ll cover firm-wide AUS trends in a few moments.
Next, our equity investments generated record quarterly net revenues in the fourth quarter of $1.9 billion, up significantly versus last year, driven by gains on our public and private investments. Approximately 90% of the gains were event-driven, including sales or marks on public securities, as we took advantage of harvesting opportunities. The fourth quarter showed material improvement relative to the third quarter, where we experienced headwinds on certain large equity positions, including Avantor, Tradeweb, WeWork and Uber. During the fourth quarter, those positions taken together rebounded, and for the full year produced gains of approximately $400 million. In the quarter, we also exited our position in Uber, and reduced our position in Tradeweb. Our public portfolio was $2.4 billion at year end. Where appropriate, we will continue to reduce the size of certain positions in the public portfolio.
Net revenues from lending activities in Asset Management were $427 million, and primarily relate to loans backed by commercial and residential real estate. Lending revenues include net interest income and mark-to-market gains on debt investments.
On Page 8, turning to Consumer & Wealth Management. We produced $1.4 billion of revenues in the fourth quarter, up 8% versus a year ago, that driven by our leading ultra-high net worth business Ayco, and our newly-acquired United Capital high net worth business, and our consumer banking businesses. For the full year, Consumer & Wealth Management generated net revenues of $5.2 billion, essentially unchanged versus a year ago. A strong consumer banking growth and higher management and other fees offset lower incentive fees. For the quarter, Wealth Management net revenues included record management and other fees of $967 million, up 17% versus last year, reflecting organic growth in the United Capital acquisition. Assets under supervision rose to $561 billion at year end. We also saw lower Incentive fees, while private banking and lending revenues were relatively stable.
Consumer banking revenues were $228 million in the fourth quarter, up more than 20% versus last year, reflecting higher net interest income from strong growth in deposits and higher loan balances. Consumer deposits at year end, totaled $60 billion across the US and UK, up nearly 70% versus last year. Funded consumer loan balances, totaled approximately $7 billion, of which $5 billion were from Marcus consumer loans and $2 billion from credit card lending. The slowing pace of growth in our Marcus unsecured loan business, reflected the anticipated growth in our credit card lending from the launch of Apple Card. While still early in — while still in early stages of growth, our consumer business generated a total of $864 million in revenues for the firm this year from a standing start just three years ago.
Now let’s turn to Page 9 for our firm-wide assets under supervision. Total client assets for which we earn a management fee, including those in Asset Management and Consumer & Wealth Management, totaled a record $1.9 trillion in the fourth quarter, up $97 billion versus the third quarter and $317 billion versus a year ago. Our 2019 growth was driven by $108 billion of long-term fee-based net inflows from fixed income and equity, including the acquisition of United Capital, $65 billion of liquidity net inflows and $144 billion of market appreciation.
Switching gears on Page 10, let’s address net interest income in our lending portfolio. Total firm-wide NII was $1.1 billion for the fourth quarter, up 6% sequentially and 7% year-over-year, driven by loan growth. This NII measure is more comprehensive than the one we previously highlighted in debt I&L, and most notably now includes all NII from Global Markets activities. For the full-year 2019, we reported NII of $4.4 billion, up 16% driven by deposit and loan growth in Consumer & Wealth Management, increased lending in Investment Banking, as well as more lending activity in Global Markets.
Next, let’s review loan growth and credit performance. Our total loan portfolio was approximately $109 billion, up approximately $4 billion sequentially, and up $11 billion versus a year ago, with the year-over-year increase encompassing corporate, commercial real estate, wealth management and Apple Card loans.
Our provision for loan losses in the fourth quarter was $336 million, up $45 million versus last quarter, driven primarily by idiosyncratic wholesale impairments and loan growth in our Apple Card portfolio. Provisions related to our Marcus portfolio were modestly lower quarter-over-quarter. Our firm-wide net charge-off ratio increased by 20 basis points sequentially to approximately 70 basis points in the fourth quarter. Our losses remain in line with our expectations, given the current point in the cycle. We continue to monitor the portfolio and broader risk factors and believe our credit exposure remains appropriately sized.
We also take note that in 2020, we will experience a full year of loan loss provisioning related to growth in the Apple Card portfolio. This growth in provisions will occur under the new CECL accounting standard, which requires reserves for the expected life of loan. Importantly, the reserve build for growing credit card portfolio does not reflect actual economic losses. Incremental reserve build will depend on loan growth, but given our expectations for card growth, we expect our 2020 total firm-wide loan loss provision to be higher than in 2019.
With regard to CECL adoption, based on our loan portfolio as of year-end 2019, we expect to record a day one increase to our reserves of approximately $825 million in the first quarter, which will not impact our income statement or EPS. This will result in a one-time after-tax reduction to retained earnings of approximately $625 million, which for regulatory capital purposes, will be phased in over the prescribed transition period.
Next, let’s turn to expenses on Page 11. Our total operating expenses of $7.3 billion increased $2.1 billion versus the fourth quarter of last year, reflecting higher compensation and litigation expense in the quarter, as well as our continued investment for growth. On compensation, as we have said in the past, our philosophy remains to pay for performance, and we are committed to compensating top talent. Our full-year compensation ratio of 33.8% is roughly flat versus 2018, and our compensation expenses were flat year-over-year.
Over the course of 2019, we reduced compensation expenses across many of our businesses, to improve operating efficiency and, to support incremental compensation expenses related to our growth initiatives, where revenue production is beginning to materialize. As we have said in the past, longer-term, we view the compensation ratio metric as less relevant to the firm, as we build new scale platform businesses.
On non-compensation expense, our cost for the full-year 2019 rose 13% versus last year. The litigation expenses and investment spend contributing to that growth. Specifically, litigation expenses accounted for 300 basis points of the percentage increase, while investments in technology and new businesses including specifically Marcus, Apple Card, transaction banking and United Capital added another 300 basis points. We also incurred additional expenses from our consolidated investments.
For the full year, the total pre-tax impact of our organic business projects, including Marcus, Apple Card and transaction banking is approximately $700 million, resulting in a drag of roughly 70 basis points on our ROE. At Investor Day, we will talk more about our plans for these businesses to scale over the coming years, and how we expect them to be accretive to our returns.
For the full year, our efficiency ratio was 68%, which includes a 340-basis point impact from litigation expense. Finally on taxes, our reported tax rate was 17% for the fourth quarter and 20% for the year. Our tax rate this quarter reflected the impact of updated guidance from the US Treasury regarding the BEAT tax, and incorporates an adjustment to prior quarterly accruals relating to this guidance. Given this updated guidance, we expect our tax rate over the next few years to be approximately 21%.
Turning to select balance sheet data on Slide 12, let’s begin with capital. Our common equity Tier 1 ratio was 13.3% using the standardized approach, down 30 basis points sequentially, driven by lower shareholders’ equity. Our ratio under the advanced approach increased by 30 basis points to 13.7% due to enhancements in loss given default severity modeling, that were favorable to the ratio. Our SLR of 6.2% was flat sequentially.
During the full-year 2019, we returned a total of $6.9 billion of capital to common shareholders through both share repurchases and common stock dividends. Our basic share count ended the quarter at another record low, 362 million shares, down over 30% from our peak in 2010. Our book value per share was $219, up 5% versus a year ago.
As you will recall, our share repurchase authorization for the 2020 CCAR cycle, beginning in the third quarter of 2019, was $7 billion or $1.75 billion a quarter. In the third quarter, we repurchased only $673 million, carrying forward the unused authorization. In the fourth quarter, we repurchased $2.2 billion, utilizing approximately $400 million of the prior quarters’ unutilized capacity. Going forward, we carry a repurchase authorization of approximately $4.2 billion over the next six months. As we make capital return decisions, we will continue to balance our priorities of prudent capital management and the return of capital in excess of what is needed for investment that is shareholder accretive. As such, the magnitude of our forward repurchases will, as always, depend on our earnings, capital levels and competing investment opportunities.
Now turning to the balance sheet. Total assets ended the year at $993 billion, essentially unchanged versus the third quarter, and up 7% versus last year, driven by higher client activity and areas of growth across the firm. On the liability side, our total deposits increased to $190 billion, up $32 billion versus last year, while our total unsecured long-term borrowings were $207 billion, down $17 billion over the same period.
Over the full year, we refinanced approximately $20 billion of parent vanilla debt maturities, with approximately $5 billion of issuance, relying more significantly on our growth in retail and other deposits, as we continue to diversify our funding sources. This trend toward deposit growth and reduction in unsecured long-term borrowings should continue.
Before taking questions, I would like to spend a moment to discuss the $5 billion organic growth initiative announced in 2017. That initiative comprised a number of important efforts on which we continue to execute, including client expansion in Investment Banking, wallet share growth in Global Markets, consumer loan and deposit growth, lending and financing deployment, and Asset Management growth. As we go forward, we will continue to execute on these initiatives. But our focus and communication will instead reflect more ambitious, firm-wide performance targets to be introduced on Investor Day.
We will not be focused on revenue targets, but rather on returns and efficiency, consistent with our broader long-term strategic plans to drive shareholder value. These targets will also reflect growth opportunities that were not included in the original $5 billion, such as transaction banking and credit cards. We look forward to discussing our new targets in detail at the end of the month.
In conclusion, our fourth quarter was strong, leading to full-year performance that was in line with the evolving macro environment, and reflective of our continued investment in new businesses. We aim to operate more efficiently and drive higher returns in the future and look forward to sharing our medium and long-term objectives at Investor Day in approximately two weeks time.
With that, thanks again for dialing in and we’ll now open the line for questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
[Operator Instructions] And your first question is from the line of Glenn Schorr with Evercore. Please go ahead.
Glenn Schorr — Evercore — Analyst
Hi, thanks very much. I don’t know what to expect on this one. So doing more lending across the franchise, and it clearly is working, and you now break out for us intermediation versus financing in trading or in markets, and I think there is opportunity to do more there, some of your peers do a lot more on the financing side. So a small question is, are we going to see more at Investor Day in terms of metrics that we can help model and build and evaluate performance on? And that’s question one. And then question two on that is, can — how quickly can you expect those to, a, grow and, b, enhance returns over the next year or two?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Thanks, Glenn. It’s Stephen, I’ll take — I’ll take your question. I guess on the small question you asked, which is, should you expect more disclosure and the frequency of it, I think the answer is ultimately, yes. As it relates to lending broadly around the firm, there are a number of categories of lending that will over time become more material. And as they become more material, we will both by obligation, but equally by interest look to provide incremental more information on that lending. I would say, consumer is a good example of that as between unsecured consumer lending and equally what we’re doing on the credit card side. I think broadly speaking in lending, I would say, mindful of the cycle, our clear plan is to grow financing revenues in both FICC and equities, to answer your direct question.
And I would say, the type of lending that’s going on there is largely in the repo business, in FICC, it’s in prime and equities. I think from a credit risk point of view, we like and can digest and evaluate that risk, notwithstanding where we sit in the cycle more broadly. And I think, metrics in Global Markets around that lending, again, will continue to grow out. Last thing I’ll say, as it relates to Investor Day, look, we’re going to lay out certain targets at the enterprise level. We will be more disclosive of about individual businesses. But I think equally important, Investor Day will be the beginning and not the end of a dialogue around this, so that the numbers just don’t standalone, and we give you context for rate of growth and how we’re managing it.
Glenn Schorr — Evercore — Analyst
Okay. I appreciate anything there. And then on the — on the expanding the corporate client base, the specific question I have is, are you fully cut over on processing Goldman’s cash management payments, and where are we in terms of dialogue with signing on any clients?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. So in transaction banking, as we have said from its inception, we would be the first customer and then we would look to bring on clients of the firm. We are the first customer, and I think, as was mentioned during the script, we have been processing payments on behalf of the firm across five currencies and totaling about $2 trillion in terms of what’s getting processed. And so that’s going well. And the firm is obviously benefiting from that as it [Technical Issues] keep as a customer, lower operational deposits on deposit with commercial banks in that regard. We have all along been in dialogue with clients of the firm, first in the context of getting their sense and input as to what this platform ought to look like, how would we design it, so as to meet pain points that they are experiencing. That collaborative engagement has been going on. And we are now engaging these clients as future customers of the firm in the context of transaction banking, with certain of them already putting operational deposits on deposit with the bank. And I think, as we’ve said in 2020, you’ll see that client roster and that participation in the business grow.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Christian Bolu with Autonomous. Please go ahead.
Christian Bolu — Autonomous — Analyst
Good morning, David and Stephen. Firstly, thank you for the new disclosure. It’s very helpful. My first question is on credit provisions. It looks like about a third of the credit provisions are — and the vast majority of sequential quarter increase in provisions came from the Asset Management division. But when I look at sort of the NII disclosure on Page 10, it looks like only 15% of NII comes from asset management. So I’m not sure what the mismatch is there. But just maybe to step back here a little bit, help us understand what exact kind of lending goes on in the Asset Management division, maybe a bit more color on the credit quality there, and the overall return profile of that portfolio.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Thanks, Christian, for the question. So let me start with kind of the geography and the segment. So in our Asset Management business, sits alternatives lending. So think about that as a portion of the old debt I&L, so this is mezz and lending, that’s made on a principal basis. So what you see reflected in that line is both net interest income that’s derived from those assets, and equally volatility in the valuation of those debt assets themselves. So that describes the geography of it. In terms of what played out over the course of the year in provisioning, so the delta in provisioning for the full year was $390 million, about a $100 million of that was found in the Consumer & Wealth Management business, and the vast majority of that was related to provisioning to the growth in Apple Card. I should point out, it was not related to any either impairments or off model, if you will, provisioning related to the balance of the consumer business, it was related to the growth in Apple Card. The balance of the $390 million, call it $300 million or so, related to impairments on loans across a variety of different segments, Asset Management being one, Investment Banking being the other, and that was around corporate wholesale credit. It involved impairments across a range of different industries, most notably in energy, some in manufacturing, none of which were material in the context of the firm. And so that’s the way the provisioning divided up as between impairments and loan loss provisioning for the growth largely in the Apple Card portfolio.
Christian Bolu — Autonomous — Analyst
Okay, thank you. Helpful. Maybe just stepping back on the balance sheet as a whole. You’re kind of sitting close to $1 trillion, which is more or less kind of the highest level since the financial crisis in a way. So just help us understand, just broadly speaking, what’s driving growth, and sort of the returns you would get in for deploying incremental balance sheet. And then just longer term, how critical is balance sheet growth to driving revenue growth and how does that sort of factor your longer-term thinking around capital return?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So I would say a couple of things. First as a general matter, our balance sheet growth is itself purely a function of being in the service of client demand. So we’re guided entirely by where demand lies for client petitioning of the firm in the context of the flow of our business. So over the course of 2019, we deployed balance sheet by example against repo, where there was demand for liquidity, particularly in the context of the various uncertainty that existed in the repo market. We grew balance sheet, so as to stand as an intermediary of liquidity for our clients. So it grows as a function of client demand. I think as we think about areas of balance sheet growth, we think about it purely in the context of accretive returns for the firm. It’s not a revenue-driven proposition, it’s really about, can we deploy balance sheet on behalf of clients, so as to generate accretive returns to the firm? And that’s kind of the true north, if you will, that’s where the compass points in terms of how our balance sheet ultimately fluctuates. And candidly, as the CFO, I look at balance sheet much as I do liquidity or any other resource around the firm as allocating in the pursuit of accretive growth-oriented opportunities and shareholder return for our stakeholders.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Michael Carrier with Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Michael Carrier — Bank of America — Analyst
All right, good morning, and thanks for taking the questions. Maybe first just revenue trends were strong in the quarter. I think you mentioned corporate sentiment still a bit muted, which, I think, can take more time. And so just curious if you’re seeing any improvement on the corporate front. And then on the institutional side, were there any asset purchases during the quarter that had much impact on Global Markets?
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. Thanks for the — thanks for the question, Michael. There is no question, I think, that the environment during the course of the year improved as the year went on. And while, I’d say corporate sentiment has still lagged a little, particularly given some of the macro overlays like US/China trade, etc, there’s no question in the fourth quarter the environment improved. Based on the data or information we can see across activity and dialogue with clients, I would say that it’s improved in the fourth quarter and the trends that we’re seeing early into 2020 are a little bit more positive. And so those would be the usual things that we could look at across activity set. With respect to your second question, there were no material asset purchases that impacted global markets.
Michael Carrier — Bank of America — Analyst
Okay. And then just a quick follow-up on the efficiency ratio. I’m sure you guys will get into that in two weeks, and there is a lot of noise this quarter. But I think in the past you mentioned, I think 2019 kind of being the height of investments. I just want to get an update on, does that still pertain, and we should start to see some improvement on the efficiency ratio as the revenues in some of the newer areas start to gain traction?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Thanks, Michael. So on the efficiency ratio, at Investor Day in my presentation, I will go through kind of that migration and give you the elements of it. Obviously, it feeds both in the context of revenue and expense, and so we’ll go through that. In terms of your question on the height of investment. I have said and would reiterate here that 2019 is the depth of investment when you look at investment across three of our discrete products, namely Marcus, Apple Card and transaction banking. And equally I’d made that reference, and again reiterate here, excluding the reserve calculation, which I obviously spoke of in the context of the prepared remarks. So when you look at the investment ex-reserve, ’19 for those three initiatives, is the lower point. And I think we’ll start to see reduced expenditures relating to that. I would say that overall — and then, again, this relates back a bit to your efficiency question. My expectation around non-compensation expense ex-litigation is that it would run roughly flat in 2020 relative to where we are. The whole ambition of what we’re doing around expenses is trying to create operating leverage and efficiency, so as to continue to fund investment around the firm. And that’s not investment limited to the three products that I spoke about, but equally across technology investment, around the infrastructure of the firm and the like. And so we’ll start to see that play out. Obviously, in the context of flat expenses year-over-year, our hope and expectation is that we’ll start to see higher revenue generation from some of these investments, which will play out positively in the context of the efficiency ratio itself.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Steven Chubak with Wolfe Research. Please go ahead.
Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Hi, good morning.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst
So I wanted to start off just digging into some of the new segment disclosures, particularly the consumer and wealth side of the business. And clearly what stood out most to us, and you alluded to this earlier in the call, was the pre-tax margin coming — are running much lower somewhere close to 10%. Clearly, the new business initiatives, the significant drag that that’s had on the margin is quite evident. But I was hoping you could speak to what inning you’re in currently just in terms of the platform build out and new investment for that strategy specifically. And just through the cycle, how we could think about long-term pre-tax margin potential for that segment, as you continue to scale and maybe begin to run a bit closer to some of the peer comps?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. So let me answer the question generally. We have disclosed obviously information around expenses and pre-tax. Our intention at Investor Day is to go to pre-tax margin and returns across the whole of the business. And then in the context that that will provide you in Investor Day, our intent is to continue to do that on quarterly earning calls like this. So you should have an expectation that we’ll continue along that path. I’d also say, and I’ll reflect on this here generally, but more specifically in our Investor Day, our intent is not to leave you in the dark as to the Consumer & Wealth Management segment in terms of overall margins, meaning we want to give you a sense of where the wealth business sits, that is the PWM business, which obviously demonstrates a much higher margin than what the segment reveals, with the segment being in effect burdened by the continued growth in investment spend in the consumer space. So we will separate that out. My guidance to you in terms of expectation is that the Wealth Management segment or sub-segment within that performs at a much more market level margin than the way in which the segment otherwise illustrates. But again, we will decompose that for you with context as we move forward.
Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst
That’s great to hear, Stephen. And just one follow-up for me as it relates to the provision, appreciate the detail you provided in earlier question. The guidance calling for higher provision in 2020, I don’t think that comes as a big surprise to anyone. But just given expectations for a healthy step-up in provision, simply due to CECL implementation and some loan — consumer loan seasoning, I was hoping you could maybe just help us frame a bit better what’s a reasonable provision level or run rate expectation if there is no change in the macro, but we simply have to reflect the impact of CECL with an assumption that you’ll see relatively steady growth in consumer loans.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Look, I think generally speaking, our own budget is in the realm of call it $1.1 billion to $1.3 billion in terms of a broader budget. I would say a lot of that reflects continued growth in the Apple Card portfolio, as well as lending more generally. But again, as you grow from a negligible level at the inception through to what we hold, both in terms of roughly $1.9 billion of where we are, and what that growth will be in the ensuing year, obviously that provision through 2020 will be exaggerated. You’ll see it that way. But that’s just part of the overall growth. As an aside, the provisioning growth related to Apple Card, again, more from a standing start is itself burdened by CECL relative to where provisioning would have been. So it’s marginally more exaggerated in the context of the life of loan component to CECL and the like. Now what I offer you by way of budget is just that. It obviously will depend on the pace of loan growth broadly, the pace of loan growth in Apple Card, which we are going to calibrate based purely on risk parameters and our own judgment about the tone and nature of the market in which we’re operating.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Betsy Graseck with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Hi, good morning.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Betsy.
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Hi, Betsy.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Hi. I have — it’s a little bit of a philosophical question around lending and how you’re thinking about your various loan books. And the question is kind of coming from the perspective that I’m thinking you’ve been working with a balance sheet, that’s a high velocity balance sheet. And I’m wondering, if you perceive your various loan books as moving more from a velocity balance sheet towards the storage balance sheet. Is there anything in there? I’m thinking about, do you hedge some of your loan books now? Are there some that you’re going to continue to hedge, some that you would not consider hedging? Does it impact how we think about the capital and the capital allocation to loans? I’m wondering if that resonates at all with how you’re thinking about the loan books in the various segments.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Yeah. No, no, no, it’s a very good question. I’d say the following. First, there is nothing about what we’re doing in growing our loan book, particularly around consumer, for example, that is in effect substitution for business that we’ll continue to do of capital markets orientation around lending. So for example — and we look at the two consistent with trends that each market shows, and kind of risk parameters and levers that we hold to manage risk. I’ll give you an example. If you think about corporate lending, so for example, lending we make by way of acquisition financing that we provide to our clients. What I look at in the context of our deal book has a lot to do with size, but equally with velocity turn.
So, right now, our deal book turns that inside of three months. That’s an important metric to think about, as we manage corporate lending and capital markets related lending that’s going on. That’s less of a relevant consideration, if you will, in the context of growth in our consumer loan book or what we do around Apple Card as a component of that. There, we’re quite careful to consider what we do about provisioning, how we think about the qualitative overlay to the size of our provisioning, as we look at a maturation of that portfolio, start to look at more on-premise data as it relates to our consumer portfolio, as opposed to third-party metrics. And so we think about these two things, in some sense differently in terms of what you apply by way of the rigor and metric, and overlay in managing that risk. But equally, we obviously look at the totality of lending that’s going on and the rate of growth as it relates to the overall balance sheet and the firm itself. So I hope that’s helpful in sort of our broad philosophical approach to lending.
Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
And does it then come back towards capital and what kind of capital ratios you need? What I’m hearing is, on the consumer side, maybe more capital consumptive, but obviously there’s no ROA associated with that that should pay for it, whereas on the banking side, that velocity suggests that it might not be as capital consumptive as commercial home loan in a different organization.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I mean, the way I’d answer that question, again, to sort of stick to sort of a broad view of it all from the firm. We’re driving and growing new businesses at the firm that inevitably will carry with them more durable and recurring fee revenue, they therefore will by definition carry with it less stress loss in the context of it. They will, in some sense, be less capital-dense than where they’ve been. And so we’re going to evaluate risk return against the capital that’s required against each individual business, and render judgments there as to what those returns look like on a capital adjusted basis, where we want to deploy capital, where we don’t. I guess what I’m suggesting to you, it’s a much more dynamic process than not. And — but overall, it fits within the component of growing and building businesses that have less stress draw and therefore the potential for lower density from a capital perspective.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Mike Mayo with Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.
Mike Mayo — Wells Fargo — Analyst
Hi. Stephen, I think you said non-comp should be flat in 2020, but in 2019 almost every non-comp category went higher. So is that simply because of just why you said is the question, what’s changing?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So, Mike, maybe the way to answer that is, let me decompose a little bit of the growth year-over-year in non-comp expense. So as you know, we reported a 13% increase in non-comp expense, about 3% was related to litigation. I’m not going to sort of foreshadow where that will be, but just to understand in the component of growth 3% of the 13% was just that. About another 3% — 3% to 4% was related to broader investment around the firm, whether that’s tech investment, consumer, transaction banking and United Capital. Now that’s going to grow, but that segment of non-comp expense is going to start to sort of graduate off, as those businesses start to hit a certain level of maturity.
And as I’ve said, we are looking to prune expenses all around the firm, so as to create operating leverage and fund the continue investment expense that’s there. And then finally, I would say there is — there are certain elements of investment entities and other components of expense growth in non-comp that equally will come off over time. So I just draw that out. What I do want to tell you, as we get to Investor Day, we’re going to give you a certain expense target that we’re going to look to harvest out of the firm in very concrete terms that will help feed what I’ve been describing, which is an objective of creating capacity for reinvestment in the firm over time. And so that’s why when I guide you that direction as being flat, it is consistent with creating that capacity. There will be growth, some of the growth will come off, others will be funded by capacity we create in and around the firm.
Mike Mayo — Wells Fargo — Analyst
That’s helpful. And then just one big picture question, both David and you Stephen mentioned well functioning and constructive capital markets. You said the trends early in 2020 are more positive. I guess, why do you think that’s the case? And do you think this time is different versus the past decade? Do you think these improvements are sustainable or not? Or what’s your level of conviction? In other words, we haven’t heard you on the earnings call David or Stephen for a long period of time, so we can’t tell your relative constructiveness on the market. So I guess, a little more color on that.
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
All right. Well, I appreciate the question Mike. And I am — I don’t know that I can help you with my relative, I’ll try to reiterate some of the things that I said, and hopefully it will be helpful context. So I do think the economic environment at the moment is constructive. What I said on the call about the US economy and our expectation of growth of about 2% in 2020, we have relatively high conviction on. I can give you a set of things from a macro or geopolitical perspective that could change, which should significantly shot confidence and therefore change that picture. But I think the chance of that happening in 2020 at this point seems low. It’s not zero, but it doesn’t seem likely. I think that there’s been a slight improvement and that’s what I said when I was asked earlier. We were talking about corporate sentiment, a slight improvement in corporate sentiment, as we came to the end of the year. And there was some progress in the year on some of the macro overhang that would have a tendency to affect corporate sentiment.
And so I think you have a slightly more positive corporate sentiment heading into 2020, and I do see some indications around deal activity that look a little stronger in the fourth quarter, and as we stepped into the first quarter of this year. So I do think it’s constructive. I made comments with respect to sluggishness in Europe, but a little bit more constructive on China, again, with a little bit of a clearing of the US/China as a step forward that might remove some slight headwinds, but I don’t know how to give you a relative. I think our general point of view is in the distribution of outcomes, the highly most likely outcome is, we have a relatively benign economic environment in 2020.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Brennan Hawken with UBS. Please go ahead.
Brennan Hawken — UBS — Analyst
Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. Just a quick follow-up on the target around the non-comp and your expectations. I think, Stephen, you had said that you expect to — it to be flat from here. Just to clarify, is that from here non-comp for the full year of 2019 ex-litigation? Or is that the 4Q run rate ex-litigation?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
No, I would say it’s in the 2019 ex-litigation kind of where we stand on the full year.
Brennan Hawken — UBS — Analyst
Perfect, thank you very much. And then another one on expenses. The — there was a — curious about comp and whether or not there might have been some noise in the comp ratio this year, there was an elevated level of partners retiring. Did that have any impact on that metrics here this year or less so?
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
I — thanks for the question, Brennan. No, with respect to the comp ratio, partner retirements and the movement of partners in and out of the firm had no impact on the comp ratio. I would just comment because I’ve seen some commentary on this. When we look at the movement of partners through the cycle, the two-year cycle of partners and we have an election coming up this fall, there is nothing about the movement in 2019 that looks different to us than the movement we’ve seen over the first year of the last number of cycles. So we have movement in our partnership, it’s part of the culture of the partnership that younger partners have brought up. And despite some of the dialogue around it, we don’t see anything significant about the movement of partners at this point in the cycle.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Jim Mitchell with Buckingham Research. Please go ahead.
Jim Mitchell — Buckingham Research — Analyst
Hey. Good morning. Maybe we can talk a little bit about your expansion of the alternatives business. And just maybe talk a little bit about the efforts to accelerate that growth, and if there will be any kind of balance sheet usage associated with that or is it really going to be just sort of AUM growth?
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
So, what we’ve tried to do, and at the Investor Day, we’ll give you more color on this, and kind of walk you through a plan around it. We’ve won an alternative business that has been some client capital and balance sheet capital. And in the context of that client capital and balance sheet capital, the business has been housed in multiple different businesses spread across the firm. We have now brought all those businesses together in one business and we are — we have put together and are moving forward with a plan to significantly increase the institutional client money that we manage with that infrastructure around the globe. Historically, we have managed some institutional money, but we’ve managed very significant private wealth money in addition to using our balance sheet.
On a go-forward basis, we don’t plan to grow the balance sheet, but we will continue to use balance sheet, but we will remix that balance sheet so that the RWA density is different, and it’s less capital intensive. But the primary growth plan for the business is to, over time, raise a significantly increased amount of institutional capital that appreciates the fact that our consolidated alternative platform is broad, global and deep, and that we operate in all these different categories, private equity, growth equity, credit, infrastructure, real estate and we also do it all over the world, and have resources all over the world to execute on that. And that is very attractive to the long — the large institutional capital raisers, and we have not traditionally attached or partnered with them across this broad platform. And so at Investor Day, we’ll give you more color on how we plan to do that, and what you could expect from that over the coming five years.
Jim Mitchell — Buckingham Research — Analyst
That’s really helpful. Is there any challenge or do you find in competing with your more pure-play competitors that are publicly traded? Do you think there is some sort of disadvantage in raising institutional money, having your hands on other businesses? Or you don’t think that’s an issue?
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Well, we’ve been in these businesses for 30 years, and we’ve executed well in these businesses for 30 years. We’ve also been a leader in providing services to those businesses that you refer to. We have an active dialogue with those companies about our activities and what we plan to do. And John, Stephen and I are extremely focused on the client orientation and the client nature in the context of the way we run the firm. The other firms that are out there have very, very ambitious institutional capital raising plans from institutions. But there’s a lot of capital to allocate, and we’re very comfortable that they can raise a lot of capital. We can raise a lot of capital. What’s interesting about this business is, this is a business that actually is growing secularly. And so we think we’re very well positioned, given where we are both to participate, but also to continue to service those clients in a differentiated value-added way.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Chris Kotowski with Oppenheimer. Please go ahead.
Chris Kotowski — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Yeah. Actually my question was related to that last one, which is looking at the Asset Management segment and the $22 billion of mainly private equity investments. I guess, the question is, I mean if you put it in the context of the publicly traded alternatives, Blackstone has a pretty big business and their GP investments is about a $1.8 billion by comparison. And — so, what is the strategic need for, and rationale for keeping that large of a balance sheet commitment?
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
So we have a differentiated model, and there is no question that Blackstone operates the business with very low — with no capital. If maybe we were starting today from scratch with a white sheet of paper, you might develop the business differently. But what’s happened because of the way we run our business is, we’ve built out a very, very broad deep global network of investors all over the world. And we think that’s a real asset to capital allocators. We’ve done that because we’ve built up strength investing off our balance sheet. And historically, candidly, one of the things investors have liked is they like the fact that we partner with them and we have skin in the game, and we’re committed to investments with them. That alignment, I think, is a very, very good thing and I think that’ll be a differentiated component of our strategy here. And so strategically, that’s something I think that differentiates us in the context of this strategy. Also, as we grow new products and services in the space around the world and add to what we’re doing, it is easier to fund the acceleration of that if you do have the capacity to use balance sheet to jump-start some of those businesses. So again, going back to what I said before, we would not expect the balance sheet to grow. We would expect to change the RWA density by shifting some out of equity into more credit or infrastructure type assets. But we think, we have a competitive advantage or a different strategy that’s a good advantage to partner with our clients and we plan to continue it.
Chris Kotowski — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Okay. That’s it from me. Thank you.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Devin Ryan with JMP Securities. Please go ahead.
Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst
Great. Good morning, David and Stephen.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Devin.
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning.
Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst
Hey. I guess first question here. So I saw the Marcus app was rolled out last week, and I’m just curious what took so long, I guess, to get that out? And how are you thinking about integrating that with some of the other products in consumer and really integrating it with Clarity Money in that app as well? And really the question is, I’m just trying to understand some of the branding in consumer, and what you’re going to be using call it as a digital storefront.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
So on the Marcus app, when we first began Marcus three years ago, you recall that our two products were deposits and unsecured loans. So the utility of the app early on was not quite high, meaning people who carry a loan are not looking to check on it with the frequency of those that use apps for their day-to-day exchange. And so we sort of set priorities for ourselves in terms of the direction we were going to build, and we would ultimately come upon the app. I would say at — from the moment we began to think about the design of the app, and in fact bringing Clarity Money into the house, the idea was to take the best of the technology, that is what Clarity Money had developed, which was super-interesting in terms of prompts and the use of intelligence to do that and kind of a two-way engagement with the user or consumer of the app. We wanted to embed that in a broader app that we would rollout.
So you’re seeing the first phase of that now, particularly as people will start to engage more and more with us, again, with greater frequency than they did at the start. And we’re embedding the best of what is Clarity Money, in the context of the creation of that app overall. And so it was really a question of anticipated use, slower at the start, faster now, a question of priorities and now bringing it together. On your question about branding, I think I’ll defer you to Investor Day when we’ll talk a lot more with much greater context than I could answer in a single question on the branding strategy around consumer and around wealth management more broadly.
Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst
Okay, terrific. Looking forward to that.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure.
Devin Ryan — JMP Securities — Analyst
And then just a follow-up here, modeling the comp ratio and cadence moving forward. So the fourth quarter comp ratio was about 600 basis points below the first quarter level. I know that’s much tighter than the historical relationship, and also now consistent with how you’re now looking to accrue on more of a real-time basis. You also had a very strong fourth quarter for equity investment performance, which I would think can have a lower comp ratio to it. So I’m just trying to get some flavor for whether the 2019 kind of what relationship is a decent proxy on a quarterly basis, or the stronger fourth quarter in the equity performance maybe skew that a bit lower?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Sure. So let me start from the top. As you know, our comp and benefits line was flat year-over-year, and our comp-to-net revenue number was roughly in line, slightly higher than where it was last year. So that’s to look at the full year. Embedded in your question was, in fact, the right reference, which is, as I’ve said several times, we are accruing for compensation each quarter as the accounting standards require, which is our best estimate of the compensation we would need. And so we’d done that much more on a straight line without relying or waiting on the fourth quarter, so as to be a bigger adjustment. And so you’re seeing more straight line, because of that you’re seeing this fourth quarter variability relative to where we were in the past. That’s just a function of the way in which we are now accounting, again more of a straight line than not.
I would say, just to step back from the particulars, I think that from a compensation point of view, we had taken payroll and compensation expense down in a number of different businesses over the year in order to redeploy compensation to populations of people that are working on some of the growth businesses that we have. By definition, that compensation dollar is not producing an equal amount of revenue as it would in other areas. It will as those businesses grow and mature. And so part of this is a reallocation of compensation in that direction, while maintaining comp and benefits at a constant or flat year-over-year, and reflecting in on the comp-to-net revenue number being roughly flat as well.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Gerard Cassidy with RBC. Please go ahead.
Gerard Cassidy — RBC — Analyst
Thank you. Good morning.
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning.
Gerard Cassidy — RBC — Analyst
I was wondering, I — and you may not be able to answer this question today, which is fine. And if you can’t, possibly you may want to give us detail at Investor Day. But in the regulatory filings for all the banks, there is a category of loans called loans to non-depository financial institutions. And when we look at that for the top banks like your own, the growth has been pretty impressive since 2013. And when we look at it for your organization back then, it was about $6.7 billion and today it’s approximately $43 billion. So the question is, what’s in that portfolio? And again, if you don’t have the details, I understand, but maybe you could share with us on the Investor Day some good details of what’s in that portfolio.
David M. Solomon — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. So I think I don’t — I want to give you an answer with some specificity, so let me suggest that Heather Miner and her team get back in touch with you and we can itemize as is publicly disclosed what exactly sits in that category, and we can give you some progression of how that’s migrated. I just don’t have the particulars around that to hand.
Gerard Cassidy — RBC — Analyst
That’s okay. And — that’s not an issue by the way. When we asked this question in other banks, most people don’t really give us the details, but that’s fine. Then the second question, can you give us some color — obviously, the Apple Card has received a wonderful amount of publicity and Apple has branded it, of course, as a card created by them and not a bank type of logo. The question I have is, Apple is obviously very respectful of their brand and their customers. And in a recession, we all know unemployment goes up, and we also know that credit card delinquencies are linked to unemployment. Do you — have you guys — is there anything that concerns you that as we go into a recession, say unemployment goes to 6%, delinquencies for all the credit cards more than double from where we are today, are you going to be hamstrung trying to collect those delinquencies because of the way it’s been branded as an Apple Card and it’s not a bank?
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So thanks for the question. I want to be really clear on this. Notwithstanding whoever lays claim to the creation of the card, there’s only one institution that’s making underwriting decisions and that’s Goldman Sachs. So, Goldman Sachs is making all of the underwriting decisions as it relates to it. We have set targets and goals and objectives along with Apple as a good partner would. And Apple is completely in the know as to sort of how we are going about these underwriting decisions. But the ultimate decision sits with us. And so we calibrate, manage our risk and collections in the context of that. And so I think — I just want to be really clear about that. It is the bank that renders underwriting decisions in that regard.
Operator
Your next question is from the line of Brian Kleinhanzl with KBW. Please go ahead.
Brian Kleinhanzl — KBW — Analyst
Yeah, thanks. I’ll be quick here. It looks like on the consumer side, you saw deposits go up about $5 billion this quarter, but you seem to have better growth when you enter into new markets. Is there any type of geographic expansion that you’re planning within the markets business that could kind of accelerate growth on deposits there? Thanks.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, sure. Thank you. That question has come up frequently. Obviously, the primary growth is in the US. In the UK, we have seen considerable growth in deposits, which has really pleased us even relative to the early expectations. We have looked at a variety of other jurisdictions in terms of where we could raise deposits. Germany, as a name, has come up several times, it’s natural that it would. In the context of Brexit and planning and doing more asset generation into [Phonetic] our European business. I think we’ll wait and see how things progress around Brexit, the size, magnitude and pace of asset growth there before we make a decision about where we next plant the flag from a deposit perspective. And so there are no immediate plans in terms of a next — in terms of next jurisdiction, but we continue to evaluate it. And we have built the platform, particularly in the UK with embedding greater flexibility for us to open it or open a new jurisdiction without building from ground zero. And so it was planned with that in mind.
Operator
At this time, there are no further questions. Please continue with any closing remarks.
Stephen M. Scherr — Chief Financial Officer
So, since there are no more questions, I would like just to take a moment to thank everyone for joining the call on behalf of our senior management team. We hope to see many of you later this month. If any additional questions arise in the meantime, please do not hesitate to reach out to Heather. Otherwise, enjoy the rest of your day. And we look forward to speaking with you at Investor Day.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]