Kellogg Company (NYSE: K) Q4 2021 earnings call dated Feb. 10, 2022
Corporate Participants:
John P. Renwick — Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Planning
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Ken Goldman — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
David Palmer — Evercore — Analyst
Andrew Lazar — Barclays — Analyst
Steve Powers — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Alexia Howard — Alliance Bernstein — Analyst
Michael Lavery — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Rob Dickerson — Jefferies — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Hello, everyone, and welcome to the Kellogg Company’s Fourth Quarter 2021 Earnings Call. My name is Daisy, and I’ll be the operator for today’s call. [Operator Instructions]
At this time, I will turn the call over to John Renwick, Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Planning for Kellogg Company. Mr. Renwick, you may now begin your conference call.
John P. Renwick — Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Planning
Thank you. Good morning, and thank you for joining us today for a review of our fourth quarter and full year 2021 results, as well as comments regarding our outlook for 2022. I’m joined this morning by Steve Cahillane, our Chairman and CEO; and Amit Banati, our Chief Financial Officer.
Slide number 3 shows our forward-looking statements disclaimer. As you are aware, certain statements made today such as projections for Kellogg Company’s future performance are forward-looking statements. Actual results could be materially different from those projected. For further information concerning factors that could cause these results to differ, please refer to the third slide of this presentation as well as to our public SEC filings. This is a particular note during the current COVID-19 pandemic and supply and labor disruptions, when the length and severity of these issues and resultant economic and business impacts are so difficult to predict.
A recording of today’s webcast and supporting documents will be archived for at least 90 days on the Investor page of kelloggcompany.com. As always, when referring to our results and outlook, unless otherwise noted, we will be referring to them on an organic basis for net sales and on a currency-neutral adjusted basis for operating profit and earnings per share.
And now I’ll turn it over to Steve.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, John, and good morning, everyone. I think we can all agree that 2021 was yet another unprecedented year. In addition to lapping an unusually strong 2020, we managed through an operating environment that was more challenging than any other that we can remember. The pandemic persisted, requiring a sustained focus on employee safety, giving back to our communities and working differently. Bottlenecks and shortages on everything from labor to materials to freight impeded supply across the global economy and created incremental costs and inefficiencies that were difficult to plan for.
Finally, there was one more extreme challenge in 2021, the acceleration of cost inflation to levels the industry hadn’t seen in a decade. Our particular situation was complicated further by a fire in one of our U.S. cereal plants, followed by a labor strike across all four U.S. cereal plants. The fire further strained our network and our ability to build inventory, which served to worsen the situation when we experienced the labor strike. We are pleased to have our team back to work. Strikes are painful for everyone, and not only did this strike affect our employees’ lives, it also had a near-term financial impact on the company. It negatively impacted sales and profit in the fourth quarter of 2021, and it will have carryover cost impact in quarter one 2022. It will also have sales impacts through the second quarter as we continue to rebuild inventories.
In the end, though, we did what we believe was right for the business over the long-term. Working through these challenges required extraordinary efforts by our employees, who clearly rose to the occasion, from safety precautions and volunteerism to incredible agility and creativity by our supply chain to the actions we took to help mitigate the profit impact of high costs, including productivity initiatives and revenue growth management actions, we executed well. The result was delivery of the 2021 guidance we have been raising or reaffirming since early in the year, even despite the labor strike extending well beyond what we had incorporated into our latest guidance.
So we’re in good condition as we head into 2022. Our international regions continue to demonstrate very strong momentum, each growing ahead of their long-term targets and featuring strong in-market performance and responsible price realization. In North America, our snacks and frozen businesses are showing momentum with two-year compound annual growth in consumption led by leading world-class brands.
The capabilities we enhanced in recent years are paying off. Our data and analytics capabilities are making our marketing dollars go further. Our e-commerce capabilities are sustaining momentum in that emerging channel. Our innovation pipeline is as strong as ever. And you can see how our capabilities around revenue growth management have improved just by looking at the strength of our price mix performance.
Our cash flow remains strong, benefiting from discipline on restructuring outlays, prioritization of capital investment and strong management of core working capital. Along with a deleveraged balance sheet, this gives us financial flexibility, enabling us to increase the cash we return to share owners and keep our powder dry for potential M&A opportunities.
We have some work to do. Economy-wide bottlenecks and shortages persist. And after our supply was further disrupted by the fire and strike, we are in the process of recovering production, inventory and service levels as well as commercial programs in that business. And as you’ll hear in a moment, we are guiding toward another year of balanced growth even as we take a prudent planning stance toward the current operating environment.
Importantly, we remain on our strategy deployed for balanced growth, which is depicted on Slide number 7. This strategy continues to keep us on our path for steady balanced financial delivery. It is designed to accommodate evolving industry conditions and it is working. And equally importantly, we remain committed to our values as a company. We don’t really strive to grow. We strive to grow the right way. Accordingly, we continue to make progress on better days, our ESG-oriented program.
Just a few better days, highlights from quarter four are shared on Slide number 8. As you can see, we remain active in this area, both behind the scenes with donations and sustainability work, but also leveraging some of this good work in our commercial activation. Let me now turn it over to Amit, so he can take you through our financial results and outlook in more detail.
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Steve, and good morning, everyone. Slide number 10 summarizes our full year results for 2021. As you can see, we met or exceeded our full year guidance on all four key metrics. Organic net sales growth came in at 3.5%, ahead of our guidance range and equating to a two-year CAGR of nearly 5%. Clearly, this is strong growth and it reflects good momentum in the vast majority of our business.
Currency-neutral adjusted basis operating profit declined by less than 2% within the guidance range we had last quarter. Importantly, we achieved this in spite of the labor strike that began in the fourth quarter, extending much longer than we had assumed. On a two-year CAGR basis, excluding from 2019, the since divested businesses, this equates to nearly 4% growth, a very strong performance amidst the significant headwinds that Steve mentioned. Currency-neutral adjusted basis earnings per share increased by more than 1%, in line with the guidance we gave last quarter. And cash flow came in at $1.15 billion, in line with our guidance for $1.1 billion to $1.2 billion. And outside of the pandemic lift at 2020, our highest level since 2014 despite having divested major businesses back in 2019.
Slide number 11 offers a similar summary for the fourth quarter. As expected, Q4 was the quarter most affected by supply disruptions. Industry-wide bottlenecks and shortages were equally or more prevalent than they were in quarter three. And we also endured the labor strike, which ended up lasting almost the entire fourth quarter. These factors, along with lapping the year ago quarter’s extra week reduced year-on-year declines in currency-neutral adjusted basis operating profit and earnings per share. Meanwhile, though organic basis net sales growth remained very strong led by sustained momentum in key businesses and brands, along with strong price realization around the world. So aside from transitory supply-related factors, the business remained in good shape through quarter four.
Now let’s examine these results in a little more detail. We’ll start with net sales on Slide number 12. As you can see, our organic net sales growth was more than 5% in the quarter and 3.5% for the full year, translating into two-year CAGRs of 4% and 5%, respectively. Volume for the year, of course, lapped last year’s strong pandemic driven gains, particularly in the first half. In quarter four, it was also affected by supply disruptions, particularly in North America, where we also endured the labor strike in our cereal business.
Price mix growth for the year was more than 5%. This reflects the revenue growth management actions we took all year as we endeavored to cover rising cost inflation. This price mix growth accelerated to nearly 9% in quarter four, giving you an idea of just how much our cost inflation has accelerated and just how well we are executing revenue growth management. Also contributing to it is a relative lack of merchandising activity amidst supply disruptions. Outside of organic growth, we lapped 2020’s once every six years 53rd week in quarter four. And foreign currency translation, which had been a tailwind in the first half turned into a modest headwind in quarter four.
Moving down the income statement, Slide number 13 shows our gross profit performance. As we had anticipated, our gross profit declined year-on-year in quarter four. Our productivity and revenue growth management actions continued to substantially cover market-driven cost inflation even as the latter continued to accelerate. However, there was significant incremental cost and disruption stemming from the current operating environment. And then on top of that came the supply disruptions and costs related to the strike in our U.S. cereal business. These could not be covered with productivity and pricing.
For the full year, we delivered gross profit that was below 2020’s unusually high level, but still higher than the pre-pandemic 2019. This is a good performance given the decades high commodity and freight costs, the economy wide bottlenecks and shortages, and then the fire and strike. As we have said, in this high cost environment, we have to focus on both margins and dollar growth.
On Slide number 14, we see SG&A expense, which is comprised of advertising and promotion, R&D and overhead. Last year’s quarter three and quarter four were unusual in that they included incremental A&P investment delayed from the first half because of the pandemic. They also included a sizable increase in incentive compensation accruals. But comparing this year’s SG&A expense to 2019, both for fourth quarter and full year, we see it was lower. A&P in 2021 was down modestly versus 2020, owing to lapping a 53rd week and to restraining investment behind supply-constrained brands, but it remained higher than 2019, reflecting good sustained support.
Overhead, meanwhile was lower in 2021 than 2020, principally because of lapping high incentive compensation, but it was also lower than 2019. This two-year decrease is related to reduced travel and meetings during the pandemic, as well as some benefits not likely to recur, but it also reflects the work we did to remove stranded costs after our divestiture.
If you look at operating profit on Slide number 15, you can see that our fourth quarter came in below that of 2019, as we saw no moderation of the economy-wide bottlenecks and shortages and we experienced incremental disruption and costs related to the labor strike. However, for the full year, our operating profit in 2021 finished above that of 2019, even though that year included seven months of profit from since divested businesses. So notwithstanding the severe transitory disruptions we experienced in quarter four and the lapping of an exceptional pandemic-driven 2020, there is no question that our operating profit remains on an upward path.
Slide number 16 shows the operating profit of each of our regions. As you can see, the international regions had another strong year, posting growth on top of growth. The only region whose operating profit is below 2020 and 2019 is North America, where the bottlenecks and shortages were most acute and where we experienced the fire and strike.
Moving down the P&L, let’s turn to Slide number 17 and the items below operating profit. Interest expense decreased this year on lower debt and the lapping of last year’s debt redemption costs in the fourth quarter. Other income decreased because of lower pension income. Effective tax rate came in at 22% rate we had guided to. JV earnings and minority interests were collectively less negative than last year, owing to this year’s consolidation of our Africa joint ventures. Average shares outstanding were lower year-on-year due to buybacks we executed early in the year.
Let’s now discuss our cash flow and balance sheet shown on Slide number 18. Cash flow finished in line with our guidance. As expected, we finished 2021 with a cash flow that was below last year’s unusually high level, but well ahead of pre-pandemic years, which are the more relevant comparisons. Versus 2018 and 2019, this improvement in cash flow generation was driven by higher operating profit, reduced restructuring-related cash outlays, continued effective management of core working capital and a moderation in our capital expenditure as a percentage of net sales. Meanwhile, our balance sheet remains solid. We continue to reduce net debt, even despite this year’s increase in cash returned to share owners in the form of resumed share buybacks and increased dividend. So our financial condition remains quite strong.
Let’s now turn to our guidance for 2022, starting with some key planning assumptions shown on Slide number 19. We approach our 2022 plans with a prudent planning stance, given the current operating environment, including several assumptions that many of you likely have already considered in your models. Already high-cost inflation accelerates in 2022 to a double-digit rate, with first half inflation higher than the second half inflation. Continued productivity and revenue growth management actions continue, which have been successful so far in largely covering market-driven cost inflation. The current environment of bottlenecks and shortages persist at least through the first half, before moderating across the second half.
The US cereal fire and labor strike has a carryover impact through the first half, as we will discuss further in a moment. At-home demand growth continues to gradually decelerate, in part reflected by price elasticity gradually returning over the course of the year. In addition, reinvestment is restored behind capabilities and in a gradual progression on commercial activity behind supply-constrained brands. Aside from the around strike impact, none of this should be news. But in the first half, they do serve to offset what is good underlying momentum in our business, which will then be plainer to see in the second half.
With that as background, let’s now discuss items for 2022, as shown on Slide number 20. Organic basis net sales growth should be about 3%, driven by continued strong price mix around the world. Our international regions have strong momentum, but lapped strong two-year volume growth, while North America faces the aforementioned supply constraints, which may impede shipments early in the year.
Adjusted basis operating profit growth should be in the 1% to 2% range, excluding currency. As mentioned, we are planning around the assumption of an environment of high cost inflation and economy-wide bottlenecks and shortages, particularly in the first half, where we are also experiencing carryover impact from last year’s strike and fire. In addition, we plan to gradually restore investment in A&P and overhead.
Adjusted basis earnings per share growth should also be in the 1% to 2% range before currency. We expect other income to decline because of lower expected pension income and our effective tax rate is projected to move higher to about 22.5%. These should be partially offset by about a 1% decrease in average shares outstanding as we increased our repurchase activity this year. Not included in these forecasts is any attempt to guide for foreign currency translation, which is unpredictable. But if rates today were to prevail, they would represent a headwind of somewhere between 2% and 3%.
Cash flow is expected to grow in line with reported basis operating profit and EPS growth, depending on where currency turns out to be, putting us in the $1.1 billion to $1.2 billion range and featuring continued discipline on restructuring outlays, core working capital and capital expenditure. Our plan is to continue to drive balanced financial delivery, balance between timeline growth, profit growth and cash flow growth, even amidst what is clearly a challenging business environment right now.
There are some quarterly facing peculiarities shown on Slide number 21 that you should keep in mind as you model 2022. Specifically, we should see an uneven first half versus second half. To begin with, profit comparisons are the toughest in the first half. Then on top of that, this year’s first half has added pressures around higher input cost inflation, persisting bottlenecks and shortages, and the strike and fire impacts that we discussed earlier. These begin to clear up or moderate in the second half when you should see profit growth not only resume, but get an additional year-on-year lift in quarter four from lapping the impact of the fire and the strike.
And with that, let me turn it back to Steve for a review of our major businesses.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Amit. I’ll start with Slide number 23, which shows the two-year compound annual growth rates and net sales across our four regions. Because of the outsized impact of COVID in 2020, this is really the best way to evaluate 2021’s performance. And what you see is consistently good two-year growth across all regions in all quarters and the full year. There was notable strength in our three international regions driven by cereal, by snacks and by noodles and other. And North America fared reasonably well in the context of what were by far the most severe supply disruptions.
Let’s review each of our regions in turn, starting with North America on Slide number 24. North America’s 2021 performance has to be viewed in the context of its year ago comparisons and unusually severe supply constraints. First, remember what we were lapping, a pandemic-related surge in demand, particularly for our most at-home oriented categories, which are cereal, frozen from the griddle and veggie foods. This not only led to exceptionally strong organic net sales growth in 2020, but it also triggered exceptional plant utilization and operating leverage driving up profit that year. We also were lapping a once every six years extra week in our fiscal fourth quarter in 2020. Excluding that 53rd week and any impacts from divestitures or currency translation, North America’s operating profit in 2020 grew nearly double digits.
Then, let’s remember the unusual supply constraints we faced in 2021. We ended the year at full capacity utilization in cereal and key elements of our frozen from the griddle categories, with the pandemic delaying our ability to expand capacity as previously planned. We then experienced what all companies experienced an unprecedented disruption in global supply chains, which not only impeded shipments and slowed production, but also contributed to unexpected costs. And to make matters worse, we suffered the misfortune of a major fire at one of our cereal plants, followed by a labor strike at all four of our U.S. cereal plants.
So to finish 2021 with a 2% two-year CAGR in organic net sales growth and roughly 1% two-year CAGR on operating profit, excluding since divested businesses, is a good achievement. This reflects momentum sustained in key brands outside of cereal. It also reflects productivity and revenue growth management to offset the market-driven inflation in input costs, and it reflects remarkable execution amid unprecedented business conditions.
Let’s dig into each of the three major category groups within North America, starting with the largest, snacks, on Slide number 25. Our North America snacks business finished 2021 with organic net sales growth of 7% year-on-year and 5% on a two-year CAGR basis. This represents a continuation of multiyear momentum for this business and reflects the strength of our brands. Two of these world-class brands are shown on Slide number 26. Pringles closing in on $900 million in retail sales in the U.S., had another strong year in 2021. Not only did it gain share year-on-year, but as you can see on the slide, its two-year CAGRs well outpaced the category all year long and even accelerated as the year progressed. The gains were driven by innovation like scorching, the expansion of pack formats like multi-packs and effective advertising from the Super Bowl on. And then there’s Cheez-It, now well over $1 billion in U.S. retail sales. This brand drove most of our share gains in crackers in 2021. As you can see, it continues to well outpace the category on a two-year CAGR basis as well driven by innovation like Snap’d, pack formats like Caddies and effective advertising, which drove the core business. But these aren’t our only world-class snacking brands.
Take a look at the continued momentum in Pop-Tarts and Rice Krispies Treats shown on Slide number 27. Pop-Tarts, with over $800 million in U.S. retail sales continued its growth momentum in 2021, outpacing the portable wholesome snacks category on a two-year CAGR in every quarter. Similarly, Rice Krispies Treats also sustained its momentum in 2021. These treats generate $350 million in retail sales. And not only did they gain share again in 2021, their two-year CAGRs continued to well outpace the portable wholesome snacks category. Like Pringles and Cheez-It, these are world-class differentiated brands that respond well to innovation and brand building.
Turning to Slide number 28, let’s discuss our 2 North American frozen businesses. Lapping high single-digit growth in 2020, these businesses collectively sustained good momentum on a two-year CAGR basis, even despite operating at/or near full capacity across much of their product lines. Even better, we have capacity coming online in the first half of 2022.
Slide number 29 shows how these two world-class brands performed in market. With almost $900 million in U.S. retail sales, Eggo sustained solid momentum growth on a two-year CAGR basis in 2021, only slightly trailing the category as it operated at capacity. Morningstar Farms, our leading plant-based brand, generating nearly $400 million in U.S. retail sales and it finished the year outpacing the frozen veg/vegan category on a two-year CAGR basis. So similar to snacks, our Frozen Foods brands continue to demonstrate very strong momentum.
Let’s round out our discussion of North America with cereal shown on Slide number 30. In addition to lapping 2020’s pandemic-aided high single-digit growth, North America cereal faced the most challenging of supply conditions. Recall that we had already been delayed due to the pandemic in previously planned capacity expansions. Then just as we were capacity, came the economy-wide shortages and bottlenecks. In late July, we suffered a fire in our Memphis plant, which not only strained our network further, but impeded our ability to build inventory ahead of what would eventually be a strike at all four of our U.S. cereal plans, spanning almost the entire fourth quarter. The result of not being able to ship enough product and the related reduction in commercial support for these products was a sharp year-on-year decline in net sales. This was mostly in the second half.
In fact, through the first half, our two-year CAGR for this business was roughly flat. Unfortunately, this has resulted in low inventories and even out of stocks in stores for many of our brands. And we therefore elected to pull back on commercial activity. Not only have we had to pull back on A&P investment, we’ve also had to dramatically reduce our in-store merchandising. The latter can be seen on Slide number 31. Specifically, using scanner data, the chart captures the year-on-year changes in the percent of retail sales volume that was sold on any promotion. It shows how Kellogg was, like the rest of the category, returning to pre-pandemic levels of merchandising in 2021, but then it shows just how much we had to pull back in the fourth quarter, especially late in the quarter due to the strike.
Let’s talk briefly about how we are thinking about the post strike and fire recovery of this business shown on Slide number 32. As previously mentioned, the fire and strikes cost impacts spans across the fourth quarter of 2021 and quarter one in 2022, owing to carryover of costs and lost operating leverage. In addition, there will be some missed net sales opportunities as we work to catch up on inventory, both ours and that of our customers. In the end, it will be the second half before we can truly be back on a full commercial program, though we will get started as soon as we can in supporting priority brands and SKUs. This is incorporated into our guidance.
Now let’s turn to our international regions whose financial performance is shown on Slide number 33. Remember, these are not small businesses. These three regions collectively account for more than 40% of our net sales. And what they delivered in 2021 was nothing less than impressive, particularly given worldwide supply challenges. All three posted strong organic basis net sales growth in 2021, with both volume and price mix growing on top of what was strong growth last year. And on operating profit, all posted growth in the high single-digits or double-digits on a currency-neutral basis.
Kellogg Europe’s organic net sales growth is shown on Slide number 34. In 2021, we sustained strong growth momentum in a region of the world that is comprised predominantly of mature developed markets and an intensely competitive retailer environment. Yet we grew net sales organically for a fourth consecutive year in 2021 and growing both volume and price mix.
As you can see on Slide number 35, the growth was driven by strong in-market performance in both cereal and Pringles. In cereal, master brand advertising and selective innovation continued to drive consumption growth ahead of the category on a two-year CAGR basis in key markets. Pringles, meanwhile, also continues to outpace the category in key markets. The new Sizzl’n line has proven to be incremental, while strong execution of marketing programs, including this year’s Euro soccer tournament has continued to drive the base business.
Similarly, we sustained multiyear momentum in Latin America as indicated on Slide number 36. We grew volume in 2021 on top of last year’s surge and we increased our price mix in order to help cover the double hit of high input costs and adverse transactional foreign currency impact.
Slide number 37 shows how this organic net sales growth has been generated in both snacks and cereal using two-year CAGRs. Importantly, this growth was underpinned by good in-market performance. In cereal, our consumption growth on a two-year CAGR basis continues to outpace the category in key markets in 2021. Even on a one year basis, we realized share gains in key markets. Pringles, meanwhile also gained share, notably in our biggest markets, Mexico and Brazil.
We’ll finish our review with our largest international region in terms of net sales, AMEA, which is shown on Slide number 38. This is yet another international region that built on multiyear track record for organic net sales growth. In 2021, Kellogg AMEA grew net sales on an organic basis for a seventh consecutive year. And it not only grew on top of 2020’s strong growth, but it accelerated its growth to levels we haven’t seen before, growing both volume and price/mix, this 2021 performance reflected broad-based gains geographically and across category groups. You can see this in the two-year CAGR trends shown on Slide number 39. We continue to see strong organic growth in snacks, cereal and noodles. And in-market, our AMEA cereal consumption outpaced the region’s overall category on a one-year and two-year CAGR basis, led by key markets ranging from Australia, to India, to Saudi Arabia. Pringles recorded similarly impressive consumption performance in 2021 in spite of supply disruptions related to the pandemic. Not only did its consumption outpace the category on a one-year and two-year basis for the overall region, but it gained share in many of those same key markets.
Allow me to wrap up with a brief summary on Slide number 41. What you have seen from us this year should give you confidence of what we can do going forward. Firstly, we executed well through what were extraordinarily challenging business conditions, overcoming obstacles to deliver on full year guidance that we had already raised earlier this year. We faced a rapid acceleration in market-driven input cost inflation, and you saw us substantially cover it with productivity and with very effective revenue growth management actions that enabled us to realize price early and sufficiently. We faced economy-wide bottlenecks and shortages, which created supply disruptions and incremental costs, yet we work through them to continue to service our customers around the world. We even faced the misfortune of a major fire in one of our U.S. plants, followed by a labor strike in one of our businesses, and we worked through those interruptions as well.
Secondly, it should be clear that we have strong business momentum. Our international businesses continued to deliver strong growth this year, even accelerating from strong growth last year. They grew in snacks and they grew in cereal. In North America, our largest business, snacks, delivered outstanding growth and category share performance all year long. Brands like Pringles, Cheez-It, Pop-Tarts and Rice Krispies Treats have never been stronger. And in our Frozen Foods businesses, we continue to show growth momentum on a two-year CAGR basis. Eggo’s growth was strong enough to run up against capacity limitations, which we are resolving. And Morningstar Farms plant-based foods growth came with increased household penetration.
And finally, we entered the new year in good financial condition. Our cash flow remains strong, and we have de-levered our balance sheet, giving us good financial flexibility. The result of all this was yet another year of balanced financial delivery in 2021, which we expect to sustain reliably and independently in 2022. And driving this dependable performance are the talent and determination of our world-class employees who deserve tremendous credit for working through unprecedented challenges and keeping Kellogg on this path of profitable growth.
And with that, we’d be happy to take any questions that you might have.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you very much. [Operator Instructions] So, we will take our first question from Ken Goldman from J.P. Morgan. Ken, your line is open, please go ahead.
Ken Goldman — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Hi, thanks, and good morning, everybody. Steve, you understandably highlighted the strength in North America snacks, which is doing phenomenally. I’m just curious, it did improve by 21% organically. That’s a lot more than what’s recently been posted and I’m sure a lot of it is just ongoing strength in the business. But I’m just curious if we can sort of parse out what drove the spike, I guess, in this particular fourth quarter? Was it kids going back to school? Was it other factors? And then I’m also curious to what degree guidance maybe considered what could be a little bit of a reversal there, if that’s true, just on the tougher comparison.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, thanks, Ken. I’d say the snacks business, there’s not one thing that you would point to. It’s really overall broad-based execution, innovation, new pack formats that’s driving the underlying momentum of the business. It’s across brands. It’s Pringles. It’s Cheez-It. It’s Rice Krispies Treats. It’s broadly across customers. Some of it is a return to on-the-go, clearly which is benefiting. But it’s broad-based. It’s very good price mix performance. On top of that, the innovations that I already mentioned Scorchin, doing extremely well. So, it’s nice to see a number that’s high double-digits for sure.
And to your question around what’s in guidance, we’re not forecasting continued 20% growth, to be sure. And we’ll have to lap that next year, but it’s a great position to be in, strong brands, differentiated brands, good brand building against those. We kicked off the Pringles Super Bowl campaign on CBS prime time, will be on the big game again this year. So we expect to get off to a very strong start next year in our snacks business as well.
Ken Goldman — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Great. Thank you for that. And then a quick follow-up. And Steve, I realized that crystal balls are cloudy right now, but when do you think we should start expecting to see an inflection in scanner trends for U.S. cereal? With the understanding that there’s still a lot of challenges in the first quarter, but just trying to get a sense for when we could wake up one day and say, hey you know what, cereals bottomed and it may not be growing yet, but it’s certainly — it’s certainly the growth is at least accelerating off the bottom. Is that still a month, maybe two months away? Just wanted to get a rough idea of how you’re seeing that.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, so where we are right now, obviously we had a strike that lasted almost the entirety of the fourth quarter. And so what you see there is the depletion of our inventory and our customers inventory. That takes a little while to rebuild. The plants are fully back in business right now. We’re delighted that our folks are back. But it’s going to take the first quarter to build inventory. It’s going to take into the second quarter to rebuild commercial activity. So think about it as two halves. The first half of the year, we’ll see the continued pressure in U.S. cereal. In the second half you should see some nice growth in our U.S. cereal business. And so that’s really — I would think about it as a tale of two halves. The first half is the reparations necessary and the second half is the rebuilding of commercial activation, customer programs, commercial activity that will see us getting back to growth.
Ken Goldman — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Great. Thanks so much.
Operator
Thank you very much. Our next question is from David Palmer from Evercore. David, your line is open. Please go ahead.
David Palmer — Evercore — Analyst
Thanks. Good morning. Steve, if you had adequate inventory and normalized advertising and promotion levels for cereal, how much higher do you think your organic revenue growth estimate would have been for 2022? Just trying to isolate how you’re thinking about that as a drag?
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
David, difficult question to answer. It’s obviously a hypothetical, but you can see what’s happened to our U.S. cereal performance. We wouldn’t have been down 24%, right? And so I think you’d look at it and say we’d be down or up in a plus 1, minus 1 type of range. We’re going to lap that in the second half of next year, as I was just saying. We’re going to rebuild in the first half and grow in the second half.
But clearly it affected our results in the fourth quarter without a doubt. And that’s why we’re so pleased to be able to post the type of performance despite — again, the entirety of the fourth quarter we had a labor strike. The rest of the portfolio stepped up in such a meaningful way to be able to deliver against our guidance despite this unexpected circumstance, I think really shows two things. It shows the incredible strength of the portfolio and it’s a reminder to all of us that when you hear Kellogg, you think cereal, right? But we’re so much more than a cereal company. This business, U.S. cereal, North American cereal is less than 20% of our business. And what you saw is a greater than 20% of the emerging markets business performing, the snacks business I was just talking about performing. All of our international business is performing very well to overcome what was — could have been a debilitating strike but wasn’t.
David Palmer — Evercore — Analyst
Yeah, so I think you — that point taken and I think, of course, this is going to be, God-willing, easy comparisons for 2023 for that business. I wanted to ask you on gross margins. Just looking back to 2019, is that — what do you think is a normalized gross margin for this company after you get past some of these more acute COVID-related supply chain costs? The strike and fire impact ends and pricing catches up. Is 2019 levels at 33.5% to 34%, is that the type of level that this company should operate in longer term?
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah absolutely. I think longer term, that would — we’d want to get back to the pre-pandemic levels of gross margin. I think you saw in quarter four a further deterioration in our gross margin from quarter three. I think a lot of the factors of quarter three were still at play in quarter four in terms of commodity inflation, in terms of supply bottlenecks and shortages. And of course, the strike had a significant impact on our margins in quarter four. And so the deterioration between quarter three and quarter four was largely due to the strike. I think you’re going to continue to see that persist, in — particularly in quarter one, but into quarter two as we rebuild inventory. There are carryover costs of the strike that will flow through into quarter one as well. And so I think from a 2022 standpoint, again, I think similar to what Steve mentioned on cereal, even on gross margins, it’ll be kind of a tale of two halves. I think the first half we’ll continue to see the pressure that we saw in the second half of 2021.
So you’ll see a similar trend in 2022 first half. And then in the second half we should see our margins start to improve, particularly in quarter four as we lap the impact of the fire and the strike. I think where we’ll end up for — on 2022 overall, hard to predict. I think it’ll depend a little bit on the supply chain environment. But once you go past 2022, I think from a strategic standpoint, we’d absolutely want to get back to pre-pandemic levels of margins. And that’s the focus of all the teams around the world.
David Palmer — Evercore — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from Andrew Lazar from Barclays. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Andrew Lazar — Barclays — Analyst
Great. Thanks very much. I guess, Steve and Amit, I’m trying to get a sense of how you see the balance between gross margin and SG&A sort of playing out for the year. I guess, more specifically, would you anticipate somewhat of a pullback on marketing spend really more just in light of sort of the current cereal supply challenges? I’m trying to get a better sense of, I guess how much the company is planning on sort of needing to lean into SG&A to hit full year targets for this year given where gross margins could come in?
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I think, Andrew, like I said on gross margins, we’ll see pressure in the first half. We’ll see improvement in the second half. And again, there’s obviously a little bit of variability depending on how the environment pans out. On SG&A, right now our thinking — our planning stance is a modest increase in SG&A for 2022. And so A&P, we’d expect it to be broadly flattish as the restoration of support behind the brands that were supply disrupted is gradual. So as we rebuild inventory, as we rebuild service, we will start rebuilding commercial activation in line with that. And so that will play through in the first half. And then I think from an overhead standpoint, there will be a slight increase. I mean, we are lapping an unusual 2021, where the pandemic basically persisted for the full year, and so we had reduced travel, we had reduced spend on meetings. There were a couple of one-time items. So, overhead versus that base is — you’d expect a modest increase in overheads.
Andrew Lazar — Barclays — Analyst
Thanks for that. And then just briefly, Steve. I seem to remember, I think it was the very beginning of 2020 pre-pandemic when Kellogg gave guidance for the coming year, it was along the lines of, obviously, snacking and international, the trend line there even then was really very good and it’s obviously only gotten better since then. And the thinking was, hey 2020 is going to be the year we’ve got to really invest in this developed markets cereal business to sort of get it to a more sort of stable to maybe slightly growing and kind of pace sustainably and that was the year Kellogg was in a kind of do what was needed to sort of make that happen. And then, of course, all bets were off given the pandemic came about. And then I realize near-term job number one is let’s get product back into the hands of retailers and consumers, let’s get our shelf space back. But if we take sort of the strike and recent events sort of out, if we look back to where you thought that cereal business was then and what it needed. Once you’re back up to speed on inventory and on the shelf, I guess where would you say that business is in terms of sort of taking some of this recent stuff out of the picture? Is there still a necessary sort of level of investment beyond to sort of get it to the right place or do we not know because so much has happened in the last two years that we really can’t go back to what the sort of the commentary was then? If you get my question.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, excuse me, Andrew. I do get your question. I think we were on the road to really good recovery in cereal. And if you look at the underlying health of the big brands, you could see that. And even today if you look at the brands that we’ve been able to restore, look at Froot Loops, for example, it’s performing very well relative to the rest of the category. And we believe, as I said earlier, it’s going to be a tale of two halves. But when we get to the second half, we feel good about our cereal and we feel good about our North American cereal’s performance inside the portfolio.
And as we’ve said even before 2020, we don’t need cereal to be a growth business, we need it to be stable, and we’re very confident that we will get it into stability. And if you think about the back half of the year we’re in right now, you’re going to see that. And that’s in our guidance and we’re confident about that. And then when you think about even as far forward as into 2023 and the beginning of 2023, we’re going to be lapping the first quarter of this year. So we see turning the corner at the half year as the beginning of a very, very robust, balanced growth for us, and we don’t see cereal holding us back.
Andrew Lazar — Barclays — Analyst
Thanks very much.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from Steve Powers from Deutsche Bank. Steve your line is open, please go ahead.
Steve Powers — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Hey, thank you, and good morning. Just building on that conversation a little bit further. It sounds like you think you can restore trade inventories by mid-year, but how long does it take so you can fully restore market shares, factoring in the need to perhaps earn back some shelf space that you’ve likely lost your entering calendar 2022? Is that achievable by the end of the calendar year or is that — does that also bleed into 2023 in terms of the market share restoration?
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
We will see market share restoration — it’ll be different across brands, right? We’re focusing first on our biggest brands, and then obviously we have a number of portfolio that will be not as high a priority in terms of rebuilding inventory and commercial activity. So you’ll see us — you should see regaining market share in the second half of the year as I said earlier, just as we regain momentum. Hard to give a market share forecast of where we’ll be at certain points, but we are bound and determined to restore this business, restore our TDPs, restore all of our commercial activity. And again, in the second half of the year show real momentum and exit the year with very strong momentum across the entirety of our portfolio, including our North American cereal business.
Steve Powers — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Okay. Very good. Thank you, Steve. And then, Amit, if I could, just maybe a little bit more — just diving into the nuts and bolts of the outlook. Just any perspective you have on coverage on current cost inflation, just visibility as you enter the year? Where you are in terms of price implementation relative to that inflation? Is there a need for more pricing? How are you thinking about that? And then if you could, just how that nets out. Obviously, the first half, second half commentary you gave makes clear intuitive sense, but can you help frame that a bit further maybe in terms of just rough estimation of the percentage of earnings you’re expecting in the first half versus second half, just to give us order of magnitude? Thank you.
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, so I think in terms of inflation, I’ll start there, it’s continued to accelerate and we’ve seen that through ’21. So we are expecting double-digit inflation in 2022, and bulk of it is market-driven. So I think that’s our planning stance. We’re seeing inflation in ingredients and packaging, oil, corn, wheat, and on the packaging side, cans, cartons. So we’re seeing broad-based inflation across our ingredients. We’re about 70% hedged on our exchange-traded commodities. So where we can hedge, we are at around a 70% hedged. So that’s kind of typical of where we are at this time of the year. We will look to cover the gross margin impact of all the market-related pricing — inflation through our productivity initiatives, through our revenue growth management initiatives.
I think from a supply chain bottleneck standpoint, I think we’ve talked a little bit of the carryover impact of the strike. So that’s going to play out in quarter one and moderate into quarter two. So that’s — that’s going to impact the first half margins for sure. And then the environment itself, that’s hard to predict, but I think what we’ve assumed is that it’ll continue to be a challenging supply chain environment into the first half and then moderate into the second half. I think when you put all of those assumptions together, right, and kind of look at the first half, second half, it’s obviously, the earnings would be second half weighted compared to the first half. And then I think from a lapse standpoint, obviously quarter four will be our easiest lap when we start lapping the impact of the fire and the strike. So that’s broadly the shape of the yield.
Steve Powers — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Okay, very good. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you very much. Our next question is from Alexia Howard from Alliance Bernstein. Alexia, your line is open. Please go ahead.
Alexia Howard — Alliance Bernstein — Analyst
Good morning everyone.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Alexia.
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Alexia Howard — Alliance Bernstein — Analyst
Thank you. So a couple of questions. I noticed that the price mix growth in AMEA is still incredibly high. I think it was 18% or so this quarter on top of I think a 10% or so last year. The volumes are obviously down, but not down too much, maybe down double-digits over a two-year period. I’m just wondering what’s going on in the region? Is it cutting out very low-priced products to get that price mix growth so it’s more of a mix effect or is there something else happening there? And then I have a follow-up.
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I think, Alexia, the driver for that is really — I mean, we’re seeing commodity inflation, we’re seeing currency inflation. So I think a lot of that is driven by pricing. And if you look at markets, Multipro is a good example, where we’ve — we’re taking significant pricing, double-digit pricing, multiple rounds of that to cover the currency and the commodity. I’d say elasticity has been better than expected. So the elasticity has held up and volumes have held up. What you’re seeing in some of the volume declines is also the impact of supply constraints. I think that region, in particular has been impacted by shortage of containers. We do ship a lot of product. Pringles is a good example. We manufacture that in Malaysia and ship it across the region. And certainly, the shortage of ocean containers has impacted our ability to supply. And likewise, I think there have been just restrictions, lockdown restrictions on some of our facilities that have impacted supply and service. So that’s been a dynamic indeed from a volume standpoint. But overall, I’d say over a two-year period, terrific price mix performance by the region and broadly volumes have held up.
Alexia Howard — Alliance Bernstein — Analyst
Very helpful. Thank you. And then a quick follow-up. I noticed on the Morningstar Farms graph that the category and the brand have slowed down fairly meaningfully in the fourth quarter. Could you describe what’s happening there and what that means for the incognito part of the brand?
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Alexia, what I’d say is it’s helpful to look at the whole category on a two-year basis as well because what we’re seeing is obviously a huge influx of new distribution and new entrants, which drove outsized demand and outsized sales in certain areas. And there’s a big difference between refrigerated and frozen as well. And what you’re seeing is the Refrigerated segment has decelerated on a two year CAGR basis and its because of all these, as I said, new entrants, new trial and so forth shaking out. In the frozen side of the business, we’re still very pleased about the way Morningstar Farms is performing and we see what’s happening in refrigerated as a lot of shakeout.
You typically see this in new categories with lots of new entrants, lots of trial, not always the highest quality items making their way on shelf. And so I think you’ll see that shake out. And we do think that over time refrigerated has an opportunity to be successful, but we’re much more pleased about how we’re doing in the Frozen segment.
Alexia Howard — Alliance Bernstein — Analyst
Great. Thank you very much. I’ll pass it on.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is from Michael Lavery from Piper Sandler. Michael, your line is open. Please go ahead.
Michael Lavery — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Good morning. Thank you.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Michael.
Michael Lavery — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Yeah, good morning. You touched on some of the elasticities you’re seeing now. And just curious if you could give a sense of what some of your planning assumptions are? Do you expect that they’ve been relatively good? Do you expect that to hold? What’s in your forecast for how that plays out?
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Michael. So what we’ve seen so far is much better than historical elasticity performance. So much more inelastic. We don’t forecast for that to continue. Obviously, inflation continues to rage on. We are very pleased with the price mix that we’ve seen, but we are forecasting a more return-to-normal elasticities as the year progresses. I don’t know, Amit, if you want to?
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
No. I think, yeah.
Michael Lavery — Piper Sandler — Analyst
That’s really helpful. And just a quick follow-up. You mentioned in your — early in your release and several times on the call the balance and financial flexibility you have and dry powder. What are your priorities as you think about M&A, either geographically or by category? Is it as kind of higher priority as that sounds? Can you just give us some thoughts on how you’re thinking about that?
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, definitely, Michael. So we’re very pleased with the strength of the balance sheet and the deleveraging that’s happened over the course of the last couple of years, and it does give us opportunities and optionality. And I think if you look at our portfolio and what’s working in the portfolio, you could see us — that would be good hunting ground. So think snacking, think wellness, think emerging markets. And if we found an opportunity to add shareholder value, we would certainly take a good hard look at it. Always, though being very disciplined on price.
Michael Lavery — Piper Sandler — Analyst
Okay. Great. Thanks so much.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Operator, we might have time for one more question.
Operator
Of course, thank you. We will take our last question from Rob Dickerson from Jefferies. Rob, your line is open. Please go ahead.
Rob Dickerson — Jefferies — Analyst
Great. Thanks for squeezing me in. Two quick questions. I guess, just to touch on the bars category. Obviously, it’s been pressured through the pandemic to some extent. I don’t know, Steve, just kind of any quick thoughts in terms of potential growth recovery as mobility increases and kind of how you’re thinking that — thinking about that through ’22? And I have been — a quick follow-up.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Rob. So when you look at the bars category, you can see it is really highly correlated to occasions. And so I don’t think this was your question, but if you look at Rice Krispies Treats, which are bars, doing incredibly well. You look at Nutri-Grain, doing very well. You look at RX, it’s back to growth, but not the type of growth that we had seen in the past. And that’s due to occasions. I mean, I think I just saw something the other day where gym traffic is still down 40% from 2019 pre-pandemic. And that’s a big occasion for RX, right? Throw a bunch of bars in the gym bag and off you go.
So we’re seeing growth, but I think a lot of higher growth will depend on those types of occasions returning and we are seeing — the trend line is positive. We’re seeing mobility start to increase. Omicron obviously set it back, but now we’re seeing it potentially recover. And we’ll see what happens in the spring. It’s hard — somebody mentioned the cloudy crystal ball, certainly cloudy to understand what’s going to happen in the spring. But as those occasions return, we think RX and our other portfolio is well placed.
Rob Dickerson — Jefferies — Analyst
Okay. Fair enough. And then just on the organic sales growth guide, I know you don’t always break out price volume, but just wondering if there’s any incremental clarity as to kind of — for thinking should pricing that we saw in Q4, let’s say, which was price mix, at least kind of close to 9%. As we get through the year and then maybe factor in some increased promotional activity in the back half, should the market be expecting kind of a similar level of pricing, let’s say at least in the first half of the year or were there some kind of one-offs in Q4 that might cause that to decelerate? And that’s all. Thanks.
Amit Banati — Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I think most of our — if not all of our net sales growth for 2022 would be driven by price mix. So I think, as I mentioned, right, we’re seeing double-digit inflation into 2022. And so I think we’re working through plans, both productivity as well as revenue growth management to counter that and to hold margins. So, you will see most of the sales being driven by price mix. And RGM activity will continue to be a focus into 2022.
Rob Dickerson — Jefferies — Analyst
All right. Thank you.
Steven A. Cahillane — Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Operator, I think we’ve hit our time limit. Thanks, everybody, for your interest. And if you have any follow-up questions, please do not hesitate to give us a call. Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]