Novagold Resources Inc (NYSE:NG) Q4 2022 Earnings Call dated Jan. 26, 2023.
Corporate Participants:
Melanie Hennessey — Vice-President, Corporate Communications
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
David A Ottewell — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thomas Kaplan — NovaGold Resources, Inc
Analysts:
Lucas Pipes — B. Riley Securities — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Thank you for standing-by. This is the conference operator. Welcome to the Novagold Resources 2022 Year-End Financial Results Conference Call and Webcast. [Operator Instructions]. The conference is being recorded. [Operator Instructions]. I would now like to turn the conference over to Melanie Hennessey, Vice-President, Corporate Communications. Please go ahead.
Melanie Hennessey — Vice-President, Corporate Communications
Thank you, Ariel. Good morning, everyone. We are pleased that you’ve joined us for the 2022 year-end financial results and also for an update on the Donlin Gold project. On today’s call, we have Dr. Thomas Kaplan, NovaGold’s Chairman; Greg Lang, NovaGold’s President and CEO; and David Ottewell, NovaGold’s, Vice-President and CFO.
At the end-of-the webcast, we will take questions by phone. Additionally, we will respond to questions received by email.
I would like to remind our webcast and call participants that as stated on Slide three, any statements made today may contain forward-looking information such as projections and goals, which are likely to involve risks detailed in our various EDGAR and SEDAR filings and forward-looking disclaimers included in this presentation.
I now have the pleasure of turning the presentation over to our President and CEO, Greg Lang. Greg.
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Melanie. And good morning to everyone joining today’s conference call and webcast.
On Slide four, we have included a drill hole map for the 2022 program that shows the ACMA and Lewis areas, the three areas where we did tight spaced grid drilling and the top five intervals from the latest results we jointly released with Barrick a week ago.
The 2022 program was completed under budget and ahead of schedule in September, with 141 holes drilled for a total of over 42,000 meters, making it the largest drill program at Donlin in over 15 years. During the field season, 150 employees worked at the Donlin site, representing 24 of the villages in the Yukon Kuskokwim region. Keeping our workforce healthy and safe has always been our top priority for NovaGold and Donlin Gold. The safety protocols and the meetings at the project site play a central role in ensuring the continued success of Donlin and it’s drill program.
We are immensely proud that Donlin Gold achieved 0 lost time incidents again in 2022. This is a remarkable achievement that we do not take for granted, as we continue to work and improve practices to the insurance of the health and safety of our people. The key focus areas for the drill program such as the tight space drilling in the deposit confirmed recent geologic modeling concepts at the wider spaced drilling of those in the immediate areas around the grid. It also identified short scale controls that will be incorporated into an update to refine the geologic domains used for resource estimation, which will then be utilized for the strategic mine planning work.
The addition of 14 geotechnical drill holes also provided information to advance the application for the Alaska Dam Safety certifications. We could not be happier with the outcome with 2022 program. The assay labs returned some of the best intercepts since the project’s inception and among the best open pit gold intercepts industry-wide. Just to highlight how encouraging the results were, the table on slide five, includes the top 20 intervals from the program.
For example, drill hole 2268 in the Divide grid encountered over 40 meters and about one ounce per ton and the sub interval at 23 meters of almost two ounces per ton. Excellent results. What’s particularly intriguing about the results in the Divide is the tighter we drill this, the more we expose ourselves to encountering these high-grade structures. Three or four of the top holes from this program were in the Divide grid and encountered unexpected high-grade structure that we will be following up on. With just highly successful program behind us and once we have completed the updated resource model and trade-off studies, the owners look-forward to supporting the project team and its partners, Calista and TKC and positioning the project for the next steps and taking it up the value chain with an updated feasibility study.
Developing one of the world’s largest gold mines represents a substantial undertaking. That requires the necessary time and energy to ensure a diligent, thorough, transparent and inclusive process for all of our stakeholders of the region. But from my experiences with multiple tier one assets when I was President of Barrick North-America for many years, I realized how spectacular the Donlin Gold project really is. I believe that the intensive work that we’re doing on the front-end, the better will be the long-term outcome.
Richard Williams, our Vice President of Engineering and development shares that philosophy. He brought the Pueblo Viejo mine into production for Barrick. And he too joined NovaGold to align himself with the best-in-class for the gold industry’s future.
Turning to slide six. Calista and Donlin Gold continued their bipartisan outreach in Alaska, with the administration and Congress in Washington DC to highlight the thoroughness of the project’s environmental review and permitting processes, in addition to the considerable benefits that this project will deliver to all native Alaskans. Alaska’s U.S. Senator Murkowski pitched with our external Manager of Affairs Kristina Woolston and Dan Sullivan, as well as Governor Michael Dunleavy have long been supporters of the Donlin Gold project.
We also recognized a historic re-election to the House of Representatives of Mary Peltola for a full-term as the first Alaska Native to join Congress and look-forward to our continued outreach to her, regarding Donlin Gold in the coming year. Donlin Gold is a federally-permitted project, located on private Alaska Native corporation land, designated by law for mining activities as part of the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. So it’s a differentiating factor from any other mining projects in Alaska. Permitting in Alaska has representative substantial undertaking and a tremendous achievement, to ensure a diligent process for everyone involved.
Slide seven lists all the federal and state permits and certificates received to date. Ongoing Donlin Gold permit activities are included on Slide eight. In September, 13 tribes joined Earthjustice requesting that the Corps of Engineers do a supplemental EIS and revoke the permits. Responses have been submitted by Donlin and Calista stating why none of these actions are appropriate. There is very little precedence for 404 vetos and the EPA always differs to the Corps regular permitting process. The agencies have been very receptive in dialog and welcomed the responses that we have provided.
We continue to support Alaska in its efforts on the State’s Clean Water Act 401 Certification. The Commissioner granted the request for judiciary hearing relating to potential water temperature and facts in Crooked Creek. The briefing process is underway and should be completed in the next six months. The right away lease for portions in the natural gas pipeline on state land were separately appealed in Alaska’s Superior Court by two parties. Legal briefings are being prepared by the parties and we anticipate a decision this year.
The State of Alaska’s issuance of water rights for the mine and [Indecipherable] was also appealed. The administrative record with the court and all parties are preparing their initial briefs. A decision is expected also this year. The Alaska Department of Natural Resources finalize the relocation plan for public easements in the mine and transportation facilities. it should be noted that all appeals and challenges to engines to Donlin Gold permits to date have been unsuccessful, often multiple times. And we have confidence in the process. Nevertheless, as with all mining projects in the developed world, we are always prepared and organized for challenges. The project leadership and litigation teams are intimately familiar with the permits and the procedures that need to be followed.
Donlin Gold, alongside the steadfast advocacy, Calista and TKC continue to support the State in eefense of what constitutes an exceptionally thorough permitting process. One of the key areas, which we spend a considerable amount of time and energy at Donlin project is participating funding and supporting the local communities in initiatives associated with health and safety, environmental management and training and education.
For example, as shown on Slide nine, Donlin Gold has conducted many fishery studies, reclamation work and other environmental activities. The project team has also supported various search and rescue teams in the region, fostered education by supporting the local school districts and youth activities. This has represented a fundamental undertaking by Donlin over the years for the benefit of all stakeholders.
From a community engagement standpoint, Crooked Creek, the closest community to the project site, recently formally expressed their support for the Donlin Gold project. And four additional shared value statements were also signed in the region in the last few months, bringing the total to over 12, with five new community relations positions filled by regional Donlin Gold employees.
With that, I will now turn the call over to David Ottewell to review year end financial results. Dave.
David A Ottewell — Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Greg. Slide 11 highlights our operating performance. We reported a net loss of 53.3 million in 2022, an increase of $12.8 million from the prior year, primarily due to the expanded Donlin Gold drilling and work program and lower accretion income due to the maturity of the $75 million Newmont held in the prior year. Our interest expense on the Barrick promissory note was offset by increased interest income earned on cash and term deposits and favorable foreign-exchange movements.
Cash flows are highlighted on slide 12. For the year, we spent $42.2 million, $15.4 million higher than the prior year, primarily due to the extended drilling and work program at Donlin and the timing of corporate liability insurance payments, partially offset by higher interest received on cash and term deposits. Looking ahead to 2023, on Slide 13, we began the year with the financial position that includes cash and cash equivalents of $54 million, term deposits of $62 million and $25 million due from Newmont in July 2023.
We expect to spend $31 million in 2023, including $17 million at Donlin, $13 million for corporate G&A and $1 million for working capital and other items. I will now turn the presentation back to Greg. Greg.
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Dave. As the premier gold deposit in the industry, located in Alaska, Donlin Gold represents a potential source of responsible economic development for the benefit of all the stakeholders in the second-largest gold producing state in the U.S. With its well-established tradition of responsible mining and an opportunity to provide long-term sustainable economic growth for many decades to come, Donlin Gold is truly in a league of its own within the gold industry. With approximately 39 million ounces, grading 2.2 grams per tonne, it host one of the largest and highest grade undeveloped open pit in dominance in the world.
And we believe it has exceptional capacity to grow. The most recent drill program results clearly demonstrate the remarkable upside that remains at Donlin. The ACMA and Lewis deposits, which host the existing resources occupy only three kilometers of an eight kilometer mineralized belt, which is less than 5% of Donlin’s land position. This project is on private land designated for mining with our partners, Calista and TKC, who are dedicated to responsibly advancing the project.
As currently envisioned, the Donlin Gold project would average over a million ounces a year over a 27 years of production. When looking at the select group of gold development projects in North and South America on slide 15, Donlin is by far the largest and with global gold production continuing to decrease for most of the producers, it is clear the industry needs projects with scale, grade and longevity to ride out multiple gold cycles.
With a grade of twice the industry average for an open-pit project at 2.25 grams as shown on slide 16, this gives Donlin an advantage to make it one of the lowest-cost producers in the gold space. The great exploration potential is another attractive attribute of the Donlin Gold project. The ACMA and Lewis deposits occupy just a small part of the land position as highlighted on Slide 17. An incredible upside exist to increase the ounces and extend the life, well beyond 30 years. Location is key. Having great leverage in a place where you can keep the fruits of your leverage is worth the investment in time and resources.
On the map on Slide 18, we featured the top three gold producing operations in the world and the five largest gold development projects. Private landowners both Calista and TKC are dedicated to developing Donlin Gold in a way that remains consistent with the Elders vision for responsible economic development while creating jobs and benefits for the surrounding communities, as well as protecting the local culture.
A few quotes are provided from leaders of both Alaska Native Corporations on Slide 19. Calista and TKC knowledge and guidance have been critical over the years through the permitting, sustainability and community initiatives we conduct. We immensely appreciate their input regarding their land and the significant economic needs required to sustain healthy living for their communities. Our partner’s continued and time-tested collaboration and full engagement are extremely valuable in ensuring responsible and sustainable economic development through all phases of the Donlin Gold project.
Turning to slide 20, the focus of our activities in 2023 will be updating the geologic and resource models, incorporating the data from last year’s drill program. Continuing field work on collecting geotechnical and hydrologic Information for completing design documentation required for the Alaska Dam Safety [Indecipherable]. We will be reviewing key project assumptions, inputs and design components for optimization in the future mining engineering, metallurgy hydrology and infrastructure.
We will also continue to guide our permits through the regulatory process and support the State in defending existing permits. Lastly, we will continue to engage, maintain and grow support for the project in the region and with government entities. I will now turn the presentation over to our Chairman. Dr. Thomas Kaplan.
Thomas Kaplan — NovaGold Resources, Inc
Thank you very much, Greg. It’s always pleasure to be able to hear the highlights of what has become my favorite investment and my favorite gold story, particularly as I am now embarking on my 30th year in this industry. I’ve been very-very lucky from the outset to have been able to work with fantastic people who could help guide me to the right places and to the right assets. But mining is more than that. And in fact, I think investing is more than that. And I’d like to reiterate with some first principles, which I’ve enunciated on multiple occasions, but can now use to distill once again the reasons why I do believe that v represents the very best way to gain maximum leverage to my thesis on gold.
As it’s written, but let me repeat it again, as an investor, I find that the ability to make money is very much a function of developing a thesis, scrubbing that thesis to the point where one enjoys massive conviction, finding the right assets that will allow one to benefit from the underlying theme, increasingly so in a jurisdiction that secures the fruits of that benefit and then having the patience and writing it out for as long as it takes. And I’ve come to that conviction with NovaGold.
Let me take this in two parts. Over the last 30 years, I’ve been blessed to have experienced what it’s like to make anywhere between 10 times and 200 times my money as a consequence of being able to harness the value of great assets. And I have had the pleasure and the luck to be able to control some of the greatest assets in silver. platinum. hydrocarbons and now once again in gold, as well as silver.
As good, in fact as great as some of these assets were category killers in their space, I do not believe that any of them in their combined attributes would be able to be called unique. Unique is a big work and so I try to use it in educational way. What I need an investor who is looking for a way to be able to play the gold development space, I will put forward the attributes of Donlin. And when I say this, I’m saying this as obviously the Chairman and largest shareholder of a 50% owner of Donlin through NovaGold. And I also say this is somebody who very happily can point people in the direction of Barrick and say that I do believe that this is undervalued within Barrick’s portfolio as well. We try to be as ecumenical and [Indecipherable] as we possibly can.
The reality is that if you look at the combined attributes of Donlin, it is unique in the gold space. And so if we are to look at slide 22, llet me reiterate some of the factors that I look at when I’m sitting on the side of the table of many of you out there as those who analyze the story or our investors in this story. First of all, size matters and the truth is that there has never been to my knowledge, a gold mine that began with 40-ish million ounces and has the potential to host so much more. The drill results, which Donlin Gold LLC posted over the last year are not just the best drill results in the history of the project, but also the best drill results in many ways in the gold industry, certainly for a large open pit story. And I’m not even including in that the fact that it’s not located in a difficult jurisdiction. It’s located in a place where mining — a responsible sustainable mining is welcome.
So you have the size. You have the exploration potential. We have often said that we believe that there could be a multiple of the gold at Donlin. What we’re seeing is that not only is there more gold, but that we’re finding structures, which are so high-grade that they very well could assist us in being able to find what could very possibly be the feeder zone for this very-very large system. We’ve come to call it the new Nevada or the new Carlin simply because it’s so big and the potential to make it bigger is so obvious. Think about this. The entirety of the eight kilometer trend that is mineralized represents only 5% of the land package That means 95% of it is relatively unexplored. The reason for that, for those of you who are relatively new to the story is really a function of a quirk of history.
Barrick Gold long before we were shareholders, but indeed, while Greg Lang, was the CEO of Barrick, North-America, Barrick Gold made a hostile takeover attempt on NovoGold. Had they succeeded — by the way at a multiple of where the stock price is today and that’s in 2006. Had they succeeded, I have no doubt that they would have had 10 drill rigs on the property and this is the wild forward-looking statement, but I’ve been in this movie before in a number of countries and with a number of deposits. I believe that we would be talking about a multiple of the 40 million ounces, and very possibly on other deposits within the district. Again, 95% of the district has been unexplored without drill holes. There is an adage in the mining industry, if you’re going out in search of elephants, go to elephant country. This is probably the greatest elephant country now in North America.
And I believe and my Chief Geologist who has seen me through 30 years of discoveries also believes that there is a very reasonable chance that the next Donlin is Donlin. Had Barrick one takeover of bid and then not done everything that it could to try to suppress the value of NovoGold so they buy the rest over the years and Barrick’s CEOs would have hit at that, I have no doubt that they would have absolutely drilled this thing completely out. Having made my money, primarily through the drill bit, there is no drill budget that Barrick could propose that I wouldn’t ask to double. So, you know I have massive conviction about this deposit and everything about the drill results has absolutely confirmed what we’ve been saying for years that Donlin is a gift that keeps on giving. It is the ultimate category killer.
But it’s not just that. It has the size. It has the grade. In the last decade, the grade of the average gold mine has gone down as much as 50%. Properties that are being put into development are often below gram. And the grades are falling. There are two aspects to that. First of all, it’s harder to mine lower grades. Secondly, it gives a tremendous relative advantage to Donlin because Ceteris Paribus, all things being equal, if you have a mine that’s producing at two grams, a mine that is producing at one gram and the cost structure is similar. Your cost of production is going to be half for the higher-grade mine. This gives us an advantage.
So you have size. You have quality, as well as quantity of exploration potential that we’ve already shown in the last year is as good as anyone has shown for any gold deposit anywhere. But very importantly, to my mind, most importantly, and I say this as somebody who is not squeamish about the developing world of jurisdictions, I say this as somebody who, as they say, made their bonds in Bolivia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. I sold Kibali to Mark Bristow at Randgold. And as he will often say, I was one of the only two people with him who believed that that was going to be a great mine.
I know whereof I speak in the developing world. I was the largest holder of mineral rights from Mauritania through to Pakistan itself. Having said that, while this was so good to me, the frontier spirit, the go where the gold is mentality, I believe that the world has changed. And I believe that events over the last year have only reinforced that conviction. And so I believe that when you have an asset that has the fundamental attributes of Donlin in terms of size, grade, mine life, cost structure, exploration potential, production profile to be producing upwards of a million ounces or more a year, these are all fantastic. But then you superimpose on to that that they are located in the Tier one jurisdiction. They’re not just Tier-one, they are Tier-one jurisdictions. Those are places where you get all the leverage to the underlying theme that you’re looking for. And we are unreconciled, unabashed gold bulls.
I believe that gold is going to multiply from here. You want to be able to have overall leverage to that theme in a mining Equity and in a place that you feel very comfortable will allow you to keep the fruits of that leverage that where you wake up in the morning, what you thought that you own is still what you own. And there are reasons why this is a competitive advantage when you’re talking about the development story. First of all, perhaps I’m talking about this because I tend to try to project on to other people the feelings that I have as an investor, but I’m very convinced that when brokerage firms are taking companies around to see investors in the next leg of the bull market and people are scrambling to find great stories, great assets with great management teams, the first question that they’re going to get from the investor is, this sounds wonderful, just tell me where in the world is it. Is it someplace I’m willing to take my kids. Is it a place where I can go gambling like Nevada or whale watching like Alaska or swimming in the Great Barrier Reef like Australia. Because if it’s not, why am I adding onto the complexity of mining investment the fact that I can be surprised. Lots of things are going on in the world that can range from insurgencies to social dislocations. You want to be in a place that welcomes you and where the rule of law is not a novelty, but we’re private property is in shrunk, places like a Donlin where the land on which the deposit is located. Has been set-aside by law, designated for mining. And where the native corporations could not be stronger supporters, as shown by the signing on Board of Crooked Creek, the nearest community to the mine, and of course TKC and to list, who have been time honored partners for us and incredible blessing.
We’ve seen it — Barrick has seen Donlin is very-very blessed to have this kind of support at the local level, as well as the state level the senators and as well as being in a position where we have our federal permits. Not just from the Bureau of Land Management, but the US Army Corps of Engineers, something so special that this combination when it was done, they asked to be able to have a party to celebrate this unique joint-venture. We are in a great place. Donlin figuratively, metaphorically physically in every respect is a gift that keeps on giving. And I can tell you as someone who doesn’t have to be Chairman.
I’m Chairman, because they enjoy it because I love telling the story and probably able to gather that I’ve been in this now for 12 years and rather than experiencing deal fatigue, I’m more excited about this than ever before and the reasons is several fold. First of all, you know when Greg came on board as CEO, I came on Board as Chairman. We came on board simultaneously. We went out, we raised $330 million within the first few months. We raised that money at $9.5 million in 2012. We haven’t had to raise outside capital since then.
We’ve kept faith with the investors who bought us. We said there is no reason to be raising money below where we raise money. We raised raised enough money between that and the sale of our stake in Galore to Newmont, to be able to take us to the next milestone. We are keeping faith with all of our investors, and I’ll get back to that in a moment because that has definitely been a differentiating factor for us in the industry.
So we have the leverage. We have the partnerships. The balance sheet, takes us to where we need to go in a production decision. We’re blessed with a management team that could run any large mining company. They have the credibility so too does the Board. And we have a shareholder base that knows us extremely well. We are perhaps the most transparent company in the industry in terms of expressing its long-term strategy, as well as our tactics in how we intend to fulfill that strategy. We’re almost too transparent, but the product where the end result of that is that we have perhaps the most educated consumer base in this space. One of the easiest ways that new investors have found to be able to get up to speed on checking the box as to whether this is the kind of investment that they want to be in is they look at our shareholder base and go, wait, I know him or I know him or I know them. What’s going to happen if I call them and I say, please do because they are our best reference.They’ve known us for years and they’ve seen that the management team, the Board has kept every single promise that it’s made since we came on board in 2011. And more than that, the deposit itself has always delivered.
So now let’s get to what really is the gating factor on where we go from here. If you look on slide 23. I’m just going to repeat what I’ve been saying because I believe that we are perhaps, I hate to talk about timing. It’s not my strong suit, but perhaps on the cusp of seeing this happen this year or next year at the latest, gold is marching to a different beat. When people least expect, gold will go back to 2,000. People will say it’s been here before. It will go to 2,050, people will say it’s been here before. Then it will go to 2,100, 2,150 and people will say, I’m going to buy it on a pullback. Then, the pull back to 1,950 comes and then all the people who said they were going to buy it on a pullback, pull their buy orders and they don’t buy it on the pull back because they get scared. And then it will go back to 2,300 and 2,400 and then those who put about at 1,950 or 2,050 or 2,150 get paralyzed until gold goes to what I expect to be the next equilibrium range between $3000 and $5,000.
Now remember, my background is as a historian. I surround myself with an A team of people, both within the family holding company, Electrum. Which is our family and employee capital and several sovereign wealth funds and family offices but also in the management team of NovoGold itself. When we look at the price chart of gold going back to 1970 on Slide 24, I just want to point out to you and this is someone who speaks to it as a fundamentalist, as a historian, and who believes that stock charts are simply human brain waves seen through a different lens. This is a really bullish chart. This is a chart that shows you why I genuinely believe we will see an entirely new equilibrium level and it’s not going to be 2,200, 2,300, 2,400 or 2,500. It’s the reason why we’re so relaxed about when NovoGold goes into production, because we’re going to be achieving much, much higher realized prices than what we see it today. I’ve long advocated that there’s no reason to build something at 1,100 and 1,200 if you are genuinely bullish.
Well, let’s look at that long wave from the turn of the century to nearly 2000 in January or in 2009,2010. That was 12 years. 12 years, gold went up every single year, for 12 years. Now, during that time, you had inflation fears, deflation fears. Strong oil, weak oil. Political instability, political stability. Strong dollar, weak dollar. And yet gold went up every year for 12 years. That is a bull market. If it looks like a duck and it quack like a duck and it tastes like a duck, it’s a duck. That’s a bull market. What you saw is basically a stock go from $2.5 to $19 bucks, long wave. Then you had a second wave, which took it down to what’s actually a very-very beautiful chart formation. I won’t go into that. Suffice to say that, that second wave I believe Is coming to an end or actually came to an end and we are now at the point where the third wave higher is going to take us to the equilibrium level that I have suggested. I’m saying this not because I believe in playing charts, but I do believe that if you really are fundamentalist and you ignore charts, you’re ignoring basically a representation of human history and the human thought process. It’s a very-very bullish chart.
And it’s gotten even more bullish in terms of the fundamentals. So I get the question what has Ukraine done to make people more bullish on gold. Well, I may get this question from you, but I’m going to answer in any event. And I say, you know. I don’t hear very many people saying that they’re buying gold because of Ukraine, although I could make a case for it. I mean after all war in the heart of Europe is certainly a reason to want to protect your assets and gold is amongst those that have proven themselves to be great stores of value. The reason why Ukraine is particularly valuable is because it has accelerated and I think this will be an enduring acceleration, the competition between the public sector and the private sector to be able to own physical gold. Central banks have been buyers — net buyers of gold for a number of years now. They’re not dumb money. In fact, they are quite the opposite. They are smart money. They are Insider money, Nobody knows better, the quality of their treasuries and their reserves than the central banks themselves and there buying more gold.
They want to be able to have diversification away from paper assets that they are very-very cognizant of the fact because they’ve been doing it and be printed at will. They want to be diversified away from dependence on the dollar, particularly in the aftermath of what happened in the opening days of Ukraine war where Russia basically had half of their attainable or touchable foreign reserves quarantined by western governments and central banks. That came as a surprise to them, but it did also reinforced the fact that the gold, particularly the gold that they had in Russia wasn’t touched and could still be used for those friends and neighbors who might want some collateral for the support that they are being given. This has only accelerated on the part of central banks, the need to own more gold and for those that already have it, there is no way they’re going to sell it. bureaucrats are not paid enough. They are not paid 2 and 20 to take a risk of standing in the face of a bull market and selling off the family silver or gold. So. I think we can expect central banks own it are going to hold it and those that don’t own it are going to want more of it and are going to want to repatriate it particularly back to their own countries. There are also a lot of reasons for why the Chinese, the Russians and some of their fellow travelers are looking for ways to be able to use gold as a means of being outside the dollar system to the extent that they can.
The bigger issue in terms of the gold narrative that I want to point out is crypto. I no longer get very many questions from investors about the reason to own gold. Twenty years, I would hear from people, well, you can’t eat it, you know, and I would respond with something glib like you can’t eat Yen or Aussie or Swisse or even Dollars or Euros for that matter with your Cheerios. So no, you can’t eat it. Okay, then it was well, it doesn’t have earnings, etc. Okay, fine. It’s just the currency. You have to see it through that prism. Then, Crypto came along and crypto build itself as gold 2.0. And that was first of all. I wrote about this a couple of years ago, I said this is going to be a game-changer because it’s going to make an entire generation compare what they’re buying with such wild abandon to gold
And some of them are going to look at that and say, ‘Well, why would it be called gold 2.0?, you know, we thought gold was a barbarous relic for troglodytes.” No, no, no, there is a reason indeed to be able to own a currency that can’t be printed at will or by fiat. Now, in truth, it turned out that most of those new currencies proliferated as if they were being printed at will or by fiat. But what happened was that in making the case that they were gold 2.0, it got people to once again look at gold 1.0, such that when the crypto universe collapsed, and I’m not talking about all the particular vehicles that we use. I’m not going into that, but when that universe collapsed and as Warren Buffet would say, the tide went out, therefore revealing who was swimming naked, gold all of a sudden started to look pretty good. And a lot of those family offices were saying, Ha. Well, central banks are buying it. What did they know that we don’t know? And after all, gold has been something that’s held its value for thousands of years.
And with all due respect to the self-referential solipsistic attitude of Western audiences, pretty much every Indian or Chinese who has owned gold since they bought it, since the dawn of mankind, has now seen that that gold has held its value against paper. That is what we call positive reinforcement. They’re not looking at gold and saying, “gold is too high.” They’re looking at gold was saying, “thank you gold, in gold we trust.”
So, you have that at a time when Western countries are reassessing cryptocurrencies, but cryptos now made the argument for me. I can’t remember the last time someone said to me why should I own a currency that cannot be debased. In other words, why should I own gold? That argument has done. All that remains is for gold to push convincingly through $2,000, $2,000-ish, and I think we’re off to the races.
I don’t like to engage in market timing. It could happen tomorrow. It could happen six months from now. It doesn’t really matter. What counts though is that I’ve always found that the best leverage comes through those equities which are related to the underlying commodity or in the case of gold, currency. And if I’m right, the go-to stock in this space for all of those myriad reasons that I mentioned will make NovaGold the go-to stock in the development space. It will be for those brokers, whether they cover it, if they don’t, some are, and I think more will as Donlin goes up the value chain.
This is going to be something where an investor is able to look at it and say, you know what, it checks all my boxes, great asset, great management, and in a jurisdiction that when I talk to my IC, their eyes aren’t going to roll. They may actually — some of them may actually say can I join you on the mine tour. That’s a differentiator and that’s one of the reasons — many of the reasons why I believe that NovaGold as a pure play on the greatest gold development story in this space is for me, as an investor, the Holy Grail.
Going to Slide 25, the leverage is absolutely enormous and so you know, as a historian of these things, I believe that Donlin for the benefit of Barrick, as well as NovaGold, will be valued using very likely a 0% discount rate at — as U.S. assets were back in the ’80s and ’90s before the Frontier Spirits took people like Newmont, the Yanacocha, and Uzbekistan and Freeport’s to Indonesia and indeed Barrick to all kinds of far-flung places.
I think that if you’re in a safe jurisdiction and you have the kind of exploration potential that in a bull market would make your stock double or triple — in a bull market, if we were there already, the kind of results that NovaGold put out with Barrick over the last year, I believe, would have put us already in the teens. But that’s the investor psychology. When it happens, people will catch up. They’ll do their work. They will look at it, they’ll say, this is exactly the kind of story that we want and it’s got exploration, it could be much bigger, it’s in North America, we’re going to give it a premium valuation. That’s a lot of leverage in a place where you can keep it.
Now, on the last slide, I’d like to say this. I mentioned this before we take it really seriously that we have an extraordinarily educated shareholder base. I’ve said this many times. We don’t just benefit from having the shareholders on the roster. When I have questions, when the company has questions where it seeks investor advice, we know who to call. The door is open to us at Fidelity, at Paulson, First Eagle, Saudi PIF, the Agnelli Family at Exor, I can go on and on and on, and we take advantage of that.
Through my career, which started when I became a partner with Soros in a silver mining venture, next year will be 30 years, I have always taken advantage of the intelligence of my partners. I believe in the Solomonic proverb, as iron sharpens iron, so a friend sharpens a friend. I’m not interested in people telling me what I wanted to hear. Lot of people would benefit from the old Russian proverb, it is better to be slapped with the truth than kissed with a lie.
We are very, very fortunate. We have shareholders who have been up to speed on everything that we do. Before we make major decisions, we seek advice, we seek counsel. And, as I said, the best reference that we can make when we talk to new investors is to say if you know any of the people who are involved with us, by all means, give them a call. They know Greg, they know me, they know we’ve kept all of our promises, and they also know Donlin to be the very, very best in breed. There is a reason why we call it the Holy Grail. And the fact that our shareholders have stayed with us with this kind of solidarity, and pardon the pun, fidelity is one of the reasons why we have been able to shine and why I expect that we will be the premier rated story in the gold development space when the next leg of the bull market kicks in and people want the right assets in the right place.
And so, with that, I pass back to Melanie, and she can continue being master of ceremonies from there. Thank you.
Melanie Hennessey — Vice-President, Corporate Communications
Thank you, Tom. Ariel, we can move to the question period.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions]. Our first question comes from Lucas Pipes of B. Riley Securities. Please go ahead.
Lucas Pipes — B. Riley Securities — Analyst
Thank you very much, operator. Good morning, everyone. Thank you very much for the very detailed overview. And Tom, always great to hear your update on the gold market. Really appreciated all of that perspective.
My first question is on Slide 20 where you list three upcoming catalysts. And I wondered if you could maybe elaborate on the potential timing of each of those? And then, I have a follow-up question from there. Thank you very much.
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
All right, Lucas. Well, thank you for joining the call today. The upcoming catalysts, they are actually all very much interrelated, and then the natural outcome from the drilling and the other work we’ve been doing with our partner.
So, to give you a sense of timing, the resource model is well advanced and we’re updating it with the great results from last year. And the various trade-off studies is same, they are work-in-progress, but we anticipate all of the work that we set out to do to really fine-tune the project, make sure that we’ve approached the infrastructure and all other aspects in the most effective manner, we expect to wrap those up end of March, early April and review them with our partner. And I think, got to lay the foundation for us to make the next decisions on the timing of updating the feasibility study.
Lucas Pipes — B. Riley Securities — Analyst
That’s very helpful, Greg. And,then the follow-up question from there is, one, do you have a sense for the budget for the updated feasibility study? And to what extent — and I know you’re still completing the trade-off studies, but to what extent can you maybe provide some color as to whether the drill results allow for a staged approach that could then allow for a different fuel source to get the mine started, for example? I would appreciate your color on those two points. Thank you.
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure, Lucas. So, looking at the trade-off studies, certainly a staged development approach is — that’s been something we’ve been exploring in a great deal of detail. I think it makes a lot of sense to us. I don’t want to get ahead of the studies, but I think that’s certainly a sensible way to approach the project. Some of the other studies that relate to that is what bench size should we use, optimizing the fleet to maximize the grade, what stockpiling strategies do we want to employ to enhance the grade in the early years? So, I think these are all related to really charting the most economic path forward for the project. And I look forward to updating everyone as this work progresses, and we’re — and the owners are positioned to describe the project that we plan to take forward in greater detail.
Lucas Pipes — B. Riley Securities — Analyst
Thank you. The approximate cost of the updated feasibility study?
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
Excuse me, Lucas. The feasibility study for an asset, the scale of Donlin, it’s $60 million to $80 million undertaking, and a lot of that will depend on how much engineering that you want to do on the tail end to prepare the project for construction. So, in rough numbers, somewhere $40 million — $30 million, $40 million to NovaGold. And I think as Dave pointed out, our treasury can certainly easily accommodate the expenditures that we see coming forward in the next couple of years. And as we’ve said, we see no reason to raise equity until we are ready to make a construction decision.
Lucas Pipes — B. Riley Securities — Analyst
Very helpful. Thank you, Greg. And, again, to the entire team, continued best of luck.
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Lucas.
Operator
This concludes the question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Greg for any closing remarks.
Greg Lang — President and Chief Executive Officer
All right. Thank you, operator. In closing, the gold industry in general and large-scale assets such as Donlin Gold, in particular, require patience. This is an attribute that we have demonstrated extensively over the last decade, which has proven beneficial in allowing us to de-risk the project and move it up the value chain. Donlin Gold is brilliantly positioned for this next leg in the gold market.
I wish to thank all of you and all of our shareholders for your backing and your choice to invest in NOVAGOLD, as well as your encouragement, patience and insight over the years. We look forward to continuing to deliver on our promises and keeping an open line of communication between us while we reach even more milestones and achievements together in 2023.
Thank you for joining our call.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]