Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (NASDAQ: TTWO) Q4 2021 earnings call dated May. 18, 2021
Corporate Participants:
Nicole Shevins — Senior Vice President, Investor Relations & Corporate Communications
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Karl Slatoff — President
Lainie Goldstein — Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Michael Ng — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Mario Lu — Barclays — Analyst
Brian Fitzgerald — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst
Gerrick Johnson — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
Doug Creutz — Cowen and Company — Analyst
Drew Crum — Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., Inc. — Analyst
Brian Nowak — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Eric Handler — MKM Partners LLC — Analyst
Benjamin Black — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Stephen Ju — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Andrew Marok — Raymond James — Analyst
Mike Hickey — The Benchmark Company — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Greetings and welcome to the Take-Two Fourth Quarter Fiscal Year 2021 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] Please note this conference is being recorded. I will now turn the conference over to your host Nicole Shevins, Senior Vice President of IR and Corporate Communications. You may begin.
Nicole Shevins — Senior Vice President, Investor Relations & Corporate Communications
Good afternoon. Thank you for joining our conference call to discuss our results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year 2021, ended March 31 of 2021. Today’s call will be led by Strauss Zelnick, Take-Two’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Karl Slatoff, our President; and Lainie Goldstein, our Chief Financial Officer. We will be available to answer your questions during the Q&A session following our prepared remarks. I’d like to remind everyone that statements made during this call that are not historical facts are considered forward-looking statements under federal securities laws.
These forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to us. We have no obligation to update these forward-looking statements. Actual operating results may vary significantly from these forward-looking statements based on a variety of factors. These important factors are described in our filings with the SEC including the company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the risks summarized in the section entitled Risk Factors.
I’d also like to note that, unless otherwise stated, all numbers we will be discussing today are GAAP and all comparisons are year-over-year. Additional details regarding our actual results and outlook are contained in our press release, including the items that our management uses internally to adjust our GAAP financial results in order to evaluate our operating performance. Our press release also contains a reconciliation of any Non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure. In addition, we have posted to our website a slide deck that visually presents our results and financial outlook. Our press release and filings with the SEC may be obtained from our website at take2games.com.
And now, I’ll turn the call over to Strauss.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Nicole. Good afternoon and thank you for joining us today. Our strong fourth quarter performance concluded an exceptional year for our organization. We delivered net bookings of approximately $3.6 billion, which grew nearly 20% from fiscal 2020 and were the highest ever in our company’s history. On behalf of our entire management team, I would like to thank all of our colleagues around the world for helping us achieve these results despite such significant, unforeseen, and prolonged challenges. It’s truly a reflection of our collective resilience and singular commitment to excellence.
Our thoughts are with those who have been, and continue to be, affected by COVID-19, and we hope that better days and comfort will come to you soon. Throughout the pandemic, our creative teams have delivered consistently superlative entertainment experiences, giving players opportunities to have fun in the most difficult of times and stay connected with family and friends through shared experiences. We grew our online communities meaningfully, including new and returning players, which helped drive recurrent consumer spending growth of 48% to reach a record high and represent 63% of our total net bookings for fiscal 2021.
During the year, we enhanced our organization for the long term. We bolstered the depth of our creative teams by hiring more than 700 new developers, including through the acquisition of several talented studios, which will help us expand our capabilities and grow our business. We also broadened our portfolio of offerings, capitalized on diverse business models, and made significant investments in our operations and infrastructure. Nearly all of our titles outperformed during the fourth quarter, including NBA 2K21, Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, Red Dead Redemption 2 and Red Dead Online, and Sid Meier’s Civilization VI.
The NBA 2K series is known throughout the world for being the most authentic, the most realistic, and the most engaging basketball simulation experience in our industry. In addition to giving consumers the ability to step onto the court as their favorite NBA players, or as themselves, 2K and Visual Concepts have created various game modes that offer interactive experiences and enable players to build deeper social connections. NBA 2K21 was our first offering built from-the-ground-up for Gen 9 platforms. To-date, the title has exceeded our expectations and sold-in over 10 million units. During the fourth quarter, net bookings for the series grew 37% and recurrent consumer spending exceeded our expectations significantly, growing 32% and 73% in the period and fiscal year, respectively.
Consumer engagement with NBA 2K remains incredibly strong, with more than 2.3 million users playing the game daily. We see a significant opportunity to grow the franchise further as we provide unique and innovative experiences throughout the game. Once again, Rockstar Games’ iconic Grand Theft Auto series exceeded our expectations, expanded its audience, and set new benchmarks in fiscal 2021. Driven by an array of new free content updates and sustained interest in last holiday’s Cayo Perico Heist, Grand Theft Auto Online benefitted from strong engagement trends during the fourth quarter, including a record number of active players and the second highest quarter of recurrent consumer spending on record.
For the full year, participation levels reached an all-time high from both new and returning players, and recurrent consumer spending grew 31%, achieving a new annual record. Sales of Grand Theft Auto V also surpassed our expectations, and to-date, the title has sold-in more than 145 million units worldwide. Red Dead Online exceeded our expectations during the fourth quarter, with active players increasing significantly and recurrent consumer spending performing above our plans, due in part to the success of the recently released standalone version of the game. Throughout the period, Rockstar Games released new content updates for Red Dead Online, including brand-new missions for solo players; the Outlaw Pass No. 5 and its new rewards; and more. Red Dead Redemption 2 continued to perform very well and to-date has sold-in over 37 million units worldwide.
During the fourth quarter, 2K announced their acquisition of HB Studios, the developers of our highly successful golf game, PGA TOUR 2K21, which, to-date, has sold-in more than 2 million units. We are very excited about the growth potential for the PGA TOUR 2K series, especially as 2K has entered into an exclusive, long term agreement with golf legend and icon, Tiger Woods, to serve as its Executive Director and consultant, which we believe will enhance the series’ ongoing innovation and authenticity. During the period, 2K and Firaxis Games released the Vietnam & Kublai Khan and Portugal Packs for Sid Meier’s Civilization VI that were the final offerings for the game’s incredibly successful New Frontier Pass.
Civilization VI’s daily active users have grown steadily since the game’s release more than five years ago and, to-date, the title has sold in over 11 million units. As a result of the engagement from the Pass, as well as the success of XCOM: Chimera Squad and XCOM 2 on Switch, Firaxis Games had one of its best years ever. We expect this growth to continue, as the studio has several exciting projects in development that will be revealed this year. During the fourth quarter, Private Division released Murder on Eridanos, the final add-on for their highly successful game, The Outer Worlds, which has sold-in more than 3 million units. The add-on will also be coming to Switch later this year. Private Division’s 2019 release, Ancestors: The Humankind Odyssey, has now sold-in over 1 million units, marking the third title from the label to achieve the million-unit milestone, joining The Outer Worlds and Kerbal Space Program.
Providing new and innovative ways for audiences to stay engaged with our titles after their initial launch is a key strategic priority of our organization, and represents an important long term growth and margin opportunity. Our record levels of recurrent consumer spending were largely driven by NBA 2K and Grand Theft Auto Online during the fourth quarter, and were enhanced by the following offerings: Social Point’s live games, led by Dragon City and Monster Legends exceeded our expectations. Strong seasonal content and features, as well as increased marketing investments, helped drive Net Bookings growth of nearly 30% for the period and 44% for the year. The studio is planning to release three new titles during the second half of fiscal 2022.
Playdots had a strong fourth quarter, driven by the outstanding performance of Two Dots, which achieved sequential growth over the third quarter. We expect Playdots to be a significant contributor to our results over the long term and look forward to its new release planned for the fall. WWE SuperCard also outperformed, growing 24% during the fourth quarter and 28% during the year. The title has now been downloaded more than 23 million times and remains 2K’s highest-grossing mobile title. NBA 2K Online in China grew 6% and 9% during the fourth quarter and year, respectively, and remains a significant contributor to our results. The title is the number one PC online sports game in China with more than 52 million registered users.
Turning to our outlook, we believe that the pandemic initiated a transformational shift in entertainment consumption, revealing the possibilities of interactive entertainment to a much broader market, with interactive entertainment becoming the number one entertainment vertical. We anticipate that the overall addressable market for our industry will be notably larger going forward than it was pre-pandemic. However, as the world returns to a new normal, we expect a moderation of the trends that benefitted our industry over the past year.
We currently expect our fiscal 2022 net bookings to range from $3.2 billion to $3.3 billion, marking the second year in a row with Net Bookings in excess of $3 billion. We expect to achieve sequential growth in fiscal 2023, and over the next few years, we believe that we will establish new record levels of operating results, even above the spectacular performance we delivered this past year. Lainie will share more details about our outlook. As Karl will discuss in greater detail, in fiscal 2022, we plan to deliver an exciting array of offerings, including four immersive core releases from proven and new franchises.
With the strongest pipeline in our company’s history, including many new releases planned for fiscal 2023 and 2024, we are highly optimistic about our growth trajectory and we will be making significant investments this year to enhance our enterprise in key areas such as creative talent, IT, and other infrastructure. In closing, we remain confident in our proven strategy and talented teams around the world. As we continue to grow our business, we believe that Take-Two is exceedingly well-positioned to deliver long term growth for our shareholders.
I’ll now turn the call over to Karl.
Karl Slatoff — President
Thanks, Strauss. I’d like to begin by thanking our teams around the world for delivering a record year. Since joining Take-Two in 2007, I can’t remember a year during which we were tested more greatly and performed as exceptionally as we did in this past year. Our colleagues’ commitment, professionalism, and talent are among the best in our industry, and I could not be prouder of what we’ve achieved together. In addition, I want to thank our player communities for engaging with our experiences and making our games part of their lives. I’ll now discuss our recent releases. On April 2, 2K and Visual Concepts once again expanded the breadth and depth of the NBA 2K franchise with the release of NBA 2K21 for Apple Arcade, our first offering for the platform.
NBA 2K21 is the most advanced basketball simulation game available on Apple devices, featuring an all-new graphics engine that offers the highest possible resolution, updated rosters, and a variety of exciting game modes. NBA 2K21 is currently the most popular game on Apple Arcade. On April 7, 2K and HB Studios released the TravisMathew and PUMA Golf Gear update for PGA TOUR 2K21, which keeps players swinging with swag on the cutting-edge of modern golf fashion. The TravisMathew collection includes new polo shirts, hats, and shoes marking the brand’s PGA TOUR 2K21 debut, while PUMA Golf introduces an all-new oversized hat and new footwear.
On April 8, 2K and Gearbox Software continued to enhance the Borderlands franchise with the release of the Director’s Cut, the sixth add-on for Borderlands 3. 2K and Gearbox will release two additional Vault Cards that will become available for owners of the Director’s Cut before the end of calendar 2021, and all players can look forward to returning in-game events like Revenge of the Cartels. In addition, the teams are continuing to explore cross-play functionality that will enable fans to play Borderlands 3 with their friends across multiple platforms, and we expect to have more to share in the coming months. Anticipation is growing for Lionsgate’s full-length, live-action film based on Borderlands.
The film is directed by Eli Roth and will feature some of Hollywood’s favorite stars, including Cate Blanchett, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Hart, Jack Black, and Edgar Ramirez. We believe that the film promises to capture the thrills and distinct personality of the series, and has the potential to introduce new audiences to the beloved world of Borderlands. Looking ahead, we are very optimistic about our growth opportunities in fiscal 2022 and beyond. As Strauss mentioned, we have an exciting array of offerings planned for this year and our long-term development pipeline represents the strongest in Take-Two’s history.
For Fiscal 2022, we have 21 titles planned for release, including: four immersive core releases for purchase, which include two releases from new franchises, and two titles from existing franchises; One new independent title, OlliOlli World, from Private Division, which will be available for purchase; 10 free-to-play mobile games, including six titles from new franchises and four from existing franchises; and Six new iterations of previously-released titles, which will all be available for purchase. While we are very excited to once again be working with the NFL and NFLPA, our first title under these new partnerships is no longer expected to be released during fiscal year 2022.
2K will have more to share on their plans for our football offerings going forward. I’ll now discuss details on our announced offerings for this year. Rockstar Games has massive new updates coming this summer to both Red Dead Online and Grand Theft Auto Online that will deliver fans’ most heavily-requested additions and a host of new items, including quality of life updates. On May 25, Red Dead Online will deliver eight new races spanning iconic locations across the game’s five states, including Standard, Open, Target and Open Target Races. Later this summer, fans can look forward to a host of new missions for skilled outlaws, involving everything from quick holdups to larger, high-stakes robberies for big rewards.
Grand Theft Auto Online continues to expand and evolve. On May 27, Rockstar Games will release eight new Stunt Races, which will introduce an array of white-knuckle thrills for racers in an assortment of vehicle classes. Fans of the futuristic Deadline mode will be happy to have seven new arenas for combat, coming soon. Survival mode will also expand to new locations throughout Los Santos and Blaine County. And, later this summer, car culture will return to Los Santos in new ways in Grand Theft Auto Online’s next major update, offering fans of performance and customization upgrades new opportunities to get together and show off their rides.
This includes a new social space for car-meets alongside new races and race types, new vehicles to acquire, and a series of new, vehicle-themed multi-part robbery missions. Notably, these major summer updates will continue to deliver additional surprises in the weeks and months after launch, including special benefits for players when the enhanced version of Grand Theft Auto V and Grand Theft Online arrive on Gen 9 consoles this November 11. Rockstar Games will have more details to share about these eagerly anticipated launches in the coming months. This year, we will have two sports releases from our popular franchises. 2K and Visual Concepts are once again aiming to raise the bar for excellence with NBA 2K22, the latest offering in our industry-leading basketball simulation series.
In addition to making the on-court action even more authentic, fans can look forward to new and fun ways to engage with various game modes. Additionally, WWE 2K22 will mark the rebirth of our popular wrestling series. During the broadcast of WrestleMania 37, 2K and Visual Concepts revealed the very first teaser video for the game, featuring both live-action and stunning in-game footage of WWE Superstar Rey Mysterio, a high-flying lucha libre legend and one of the most exciting and decorated Superstars in WWE history. The teaser also highlighted WWE 2K22’s tagline It Hits Different, which is reflective of both the new direction of the game and its supporting marketing campaign.
We’re very excited about the team’s fresh approach to the series, and last week, our WWE 2K22 development team at Visual Concepts kicked off a social media campaign revealing behind the scenes sneak peeks of the game, and developer diary videos. 2K will continue to unveil details in the coming months. 2K will also introduce two releases from new franchises this year, including one from Gearbox. On June 24, Private Division will celebrate the 10th anniversary of the release of Kerbal Space Program. Private Division intends to mark the occasion with a week-long celebration, including free content updates and more. This winter, Private Division and Roll7 will release OlliOlli World digitally for consoles and PC.
OlliOlli World marks a bold new direction for this critically acclaimed skateboarding franchise and is bursting with personality. Players flip and flow through Radlandia, a vibrant world full color characters, as they search for the mystical skate gods on their quest for Gnarvana. Radlandia and its dwellers are charmingly weird and crafted with a unique art style. Players can enjoy the game’s deep combo system and everything it has to offer, while pros can really prove their skills, and master a vast number of moves with access to millions of unique levels in the game’s sandbox mode. In addition, players can also compete against similarly skilled rivals around the globe in player leagues.
Fiscal 2022 will be a big year for mobile, with 10 new free-to-play offerings, including new titles from 2K, Social Point and Playdots. We’ll also have six iterations of previous release titles, including enhanced versions of Grand Theft Auto V and a standalone version of Grand Theft Auto Online for Gen 9 consoles available for free, three months for Playstation 5 players both of which will launch in the second half of this calendar year. Looking ahead, we expect to deliver over 40 titles across fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, which gives us confidence in our ability to reach new record levels of operating results in the next few years. Our current expected pipeline for fiscal 2023 and 2024 includes: 19 immersive core releases, seven of which are sports simulation games.
15 of these will be available for purchase, while four will be free-to-play; five independent titles, which will all be available for purchase; 10 free-to-play mobile games; four mid-core games, which will all be available for purchase and three of which will be sports-oriented; and three new iterations of previously-released titles, which will all be available for purchase. It bears noting that these titles are a snapshot of our current development pipeline. It is likely that some of these titles will not be developed through completion or some may be delayed, and we will also be adding new titles to our slate. In the coming months, you’ll start to see our titles come to market, and we’ll aim to share similar updates going forward when we provide our year-end results.
In addition to our title releases, we also continue to have significant, long-term opportunity to increase engagement and recurrent consumer spending. Our focus on enhancing our data analytics is enabling us to deepen our understanding of our player base and how they prefer to interact with our games, which is helping us to develop the most desirable products, expansions, and new content updates. Turning to eSports, the NBA 2K League will kick-off its fourth season on May 19 and continue for 16 weeks. The 23 teams will play 28 regular-season games, with each team beginning the 2021 season playing remotely in its local market. For the first time, the NBA 2K League will be aligned into the Eastern and Western Conferences.
Games will be simulcast live on the NBA 2K League’s Twitch and YouTube channels, and will be available on Dash Radio, ESRevolution, Loco in India and Sport1 in Europe. Additionally, the League recently announced a landmark, multiyear partnership with Sony Interactive Entertainment that makes the PlayStation 5 its official console that will be used by all teams and their 138 players during all games and events. The partnership marks the first-of-its kind for PlayStation 5 with an eSports league, and the first console partnership for the NBA 2K League. We remain very excited about the continued success and growth of the NBA 2K League, which has the long-term potential to enhance engagement, and to be a driver of profits for our company.
In closing, we remain incredibly excited about the vast potential for our company to captivate and engage audiences around the world by delivering the very best entertainment experiences. Whether broadening the reach of our portfolio through new platforms, business models, and distribution channels; pursuing organic and inorganic growth opportunities; and expanding into emerging markets, Take-Two is superbly positioned to capitalize on the many positive trends in our industry and to provide continued value and returns for our shareholders over the long-term.
I’ll now turn the call over to Lainie.
Lainie Goldstein — Chief Financial Officer
Thanks Karl and good afternoon everyone. Today I’ll discuss our fourth quarter and fiscal 2021 results and then review our financial outlook for the full year and first quarter of fiscal 2022. Please note that additional details regarding our actual results and outlook are contained in our press release. As Strauss mentioned, our strong momentum continued into the fourth quarter, and we significantly exceeded our net bookings guidance for the fourth quarter and the year. I would like to thank our talented colleagues around the world for their passion and dedication, which has been inspiring, especially given the challenges that COVID-19 has presented us with.
Starting with our fourth quarter results, total net bookings grew 8% to $785 million, as compared to our outlook of $602 million to $652 million. These outstanding results marked our highest level of fourth quarter net bookings on record. During the period, recurrent consumer spending grew 17% and accounted for 67% of total net bookings, as compared to our outlook of 5% growth. Our outperformance was primarily due to the incredible performance of NBA 2K. Digitally-delivered net bookings grew 8% and accounted for 92% of the total. This result exceeded our outlook of a 10% decline, due to the outperformance of both recurrent consumer spending and digitally-delivered full game sales.
During the fourth quarter, 74% of console game sales were delivered digitally, up from 63% last year. GAAP net revenue grew 10% to $839 million, while cost of goods sold decreased to $280 million, including a reversal of expense of $65 million related to forfeitures of previously granted stock awards. Operating expenses increased to 25% to $304 million, driven by higher marketing, research and development and IT expenses, as well as the addition of Playdots and GAAP net income grew 78% to $219 million or $1.88 per share, as compared to $123 million or $1.07 per share in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020. Turning to our fiscal 2021 results, total net bookings grew 19% to a new record of $3.55 billion.
This exceeded our initial guidance by approximately $1 billion. We experienced exceptional engagement during the shelter-in-place conditions and delivered extraordinary results across many of our franchises, including NBA 2K, Grand Theft Auto, Red Dead Redemption, Borderlands, Social Point’s mobile games, and Sid Meier’s Civilization. Recurrent consumer spending grew 48%, establishing a new record, and accounted for 63% of total net bookings. This exceeded our prior outlook of 45% growth. Digitally-delivered net bookings grew 27% to a new record of approximately $3.1 billion, and accounted for 87% of the total. This also exceeded our prior outlook of 20% growth due to better-than expected recurrent consumer spending and digitally-delivered full game sales.
During fiscal 2021, 64% of console game sales were delivered digitally, up from 55% last year. Non-GAAP adjusted unrestricted operating cash flow was $920 million as compared to our previous outlook of over $750 million, and marked a record level for our company. During fiscal 2021, we spent $69 million on capital expenditures. At fiscal year end, our cash and short-term investments balance exceeded $2.7 billion. GAAP net revenue grew 9% to $3.37 billion, while cost of goods sold was flat at $1.5 billion. Operating expenses increased by 8% to $1.2 billion, driven primarily by the addition of Playdots, higher headcount, IT, Research and Development expense and charitable contributions, partially offset by lower marketing expenses.
And GAAP net income grew 46% to $589 million, or $5.09 per share. Our GAAP net income benefited from a $40.6 million gain on the sale of a long-term investment and a reversal of expense of $70 million related to forfeitures of previously granted stock awards. Today we gave our initial outlook for fiscal 2022. We project net bookings to range from $3.2 billion to $3.3 billion, the second-highest level of net bookings in our company’s history. This is partly driven by the exciting pipeline of new releases that we have planned for the year, with the majority of our titles coming in the second half of fiscal 2022. Additionally, we expect that engagement trends will be notably higher than they were pre-pandemic. However, as the return to normalcy continues, we expect a moderation of the trends that benefitted our industry over the past year.
The largest contributors to net bookings are expected to be NBA 2K, Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, Red Dead Redemption 2 and Red Dead Online, as well as some of our new releases that are yet to be announced. We expect the net bookings breakdown from our labels to be roughly 55% 2K, 35% Rockstar Games, and 10% Private Division, Social Point and Playdots. And we forecast our geographic net bookings split to be about 60% United States and 40% International. We expect recurrent consumer spending to decline by 15%, as a result of the challenging comparisons from last year. Recurrent consumer spending as a percentage of our business is expected to be approximately 59% versus 63% last year, due to more new releases this year.
We project digitally-delivered net bookings to decline by about 8%. As a percentage of our business, digital is projected to represent 87%, which is in line with last year. Our forecast assumes that 74% of console game sales will be delivered digitally, up from 64% last year. We expect to generate more than $400 million in non-GAAP adjusted unrestricted operating cash flow, and we plan to deploy approximately $100 million for capital expenditures. The increase in capital expenditures over the prior year is primarily due to continued spending on studio and office build-outs, and IT expense to support our investment in talent. We expect GAAP net revenue to range from $3.14 billion to $3.24 billion and cost of goods sold to range from $1.41 billion to $1.46 billion.
Our total operating expenses are expected to range from $1.46 billion to $1.48 billion. At the midpoint, this represents a 22% increase over the prior year. As Karl mentioned, we have over 60 titles that we plan to deliver over the next three years, and we are making significant investments in key areas, such as marketing, personnel, and IT to bring our pipeline to market. Additionally, we will have a full year of expenses for Playdots. While these investments will impact our operating results this year, we are confident that our growing pipeline will enable us to scale our business further and improve our margins in the next few years. And we expect GAAP net income to range from $228 million to $257 million, or $1.95 to $2.20 per share.
For management reporting purposes, we expect our tax rate to be 16% throughout fiscal 2022. Now, moving onto our guidance for the fiscal first quarter. We project net bookings to range from $625 million to $675 million as compared to $996 million in the first quarter last year, which was the first full quarter of the COVID-related shelter-in-place conditions, when we experienced a strong initial surge in engagement. The largest contributors to net bookings are expected to be Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, NBA 2K21, Red Dead Redemption 2 and Red Dead Online and Borderlands 3. We project recurrent consumer spending to decline by 30%, as we will start to compare against the record levels of engagement that we experienced in the first quarter of fiscal 2021.
We also expect digitally-delivered net bookings to decline by approximately 30%. Our forecast assumes that 80% of console game sales will be delivered digitally, up from 71% in the same period last year. We expect GAAP net revenue to range from $730 million to $780 million and cost of goods sold to range from $277 million to $303 million. Operating expenses are expected to range from $316 million to $326 million. At the midpoint, this represents an 18% increase over last year, driven primarily by higher personnel and stock compensation expenses and the inclusion of Playdots and GAAP net income is expected to range from $116 million to $129 million or $1 to $1.10 per share.
In closing, fiscal 2021 was a record year for our business and we believe that we can exceed these levels of financial results and establish new record levels of performance in the coming years. Our pipeline is robust, and we couldn’t be more excited about our new releases for fiscal 2022 and beyond. As we continue to enhance our business by investing in talent, including growing our development headcount and building our infrastructure, we are positioning our company for long-term growth and success, and we expect to deliver sustainable, profitable growth for our shareholders.
Thank you. I’ll now turn the call back to Strauss.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you Lainie. We will now take your questions. Operator?
Questions and Answers:
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Our first question is from Mike Ng with Goldman Sachs. Please proceed with your question.
Michael Ng — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Hey, good afternoon. Thanks for the question. I just have two. First, I was just wondering if you could offer some thoughts about opportunities you see in user generated content, creator economies, low code and no code game development. Put simply, with the success of platforms like Roblox that pay independent developers do you see an opportunity for some of your games to go down that avenue? And then second, now that we have the release date for the expanded and enhanced version of GTA V and GTA Online, I was just wondering if you could talk a little bit about whether or not you would expect us to usher in the next seven years cycle for GTA Online content update and RCS growth or is the scope more narrow than that? Thank you very much.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks for your questions. You’re right. There is an awful lot of interesting things going on in the world of user-generated content and there have been for some time. And we’re open-minded and we want to support the community. At the same time, it’s terribly important that we and others protect our intellectual property. So that’s the rub. The rub is to find a way to engage consumers on the one hand and enable them to express their interest and even their creative desires in the context of our properties. And there are numerous ways to go about that. And I believe we will explore many of those ways again in the context of protecting our intellectual property.
With regards to Grand Theft Auto, it may shock you to learn that I’m probably not going to comment much on content to come from Rockstar Games. We’re so grateful for the extraordinary results that we’ve had with all Rockstar titles and in fact all titles coming from throughout the organization. Grand Theft Auto Online set another record this past fiscal year. We sold-in over 145 million units. We’re very optimistic about what there is to come, including more content and stay tuned because Rockstar Games we’re talking more about that in the future.
Michael Ng — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Great. Thank you for the thoughts Strauss.
Operator
And our next question is from Mario Lu with Barclays. Please proceed with your question.
Mario Lu — Barclays — Analyst
Great. Thanks for taking the questions. I have one on the full year guide and one on GTA. So the first one on the full year guide, the bookings number when I compared to fiscal ’19 and ’20 is much higher than what you reported, but non-GAAP EPS guidance is well below those less than $4. So just hoping if you could help provide any additional color to kind of bridge the bookings strength to the EPS guidance? I know you mentioned investments in creative talent and IT. But any additional commentary would be helpful.
Lainie Goldstein — Chief Financial Officer
It’s really what I said in my prepared remarks, Mario. It’s really coming from the operating expense increases and that was really being driven by our investment in marketing, personnel and IT. Specifically about 55% of the increase in the expenses is coming from increases in direct marketing for our titles. So we’re really investing in marketing our new titles this year and also marketing for our fiscal ’23 titles as well.
Mario Lu — Barclays — Analyst
Okay. That’s helpful. Thanks Lainie. And then just a clarification question on GTA. Excited to play the enhanced version on November 11. So just curious that the exclusion of the PC version simply means there’s no additional purchase to play that version or is that just coming out at a later date? Thanks.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
We haven’t announced anything about a changed PC version.
Mario Lu — Barclays — Analyst
Okay. Thanks.
Operator
And our next question is from Brian Fitzgerald with Wells Fargo. Please proceed with your question.
Brian Fitzgerald — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst
Thanks guys. Maybe two quick ones; on the Private Division, Outer Worlds Peril on Gorgon came in February and Switch and then Murder on Eridanos released in the middle of March on the consoles and PC, it’s coming later on Switch. How are you feeling about and it released in steam I think in October, so wondering how you’re thinking of that particular franchise? And in general, how do you feel about the breadth and progress with — of the studios you have in private label?
Karl Slatoff — President
Obviously, we’re incredibly pleased with Outer Worlds and everything that its brought. It was — I can’t say that it was a complete surprise out of the gate, but it was certainly was something pleasant for us and a little bit unexpected. The downloadable content has been really very well received and we think the franchise is in outstanding shape at this point. And we will be participating in the franchise and whatever the future holds for that franchise.
So we feel really good about it and we think that it’s still building audience and still this game itself has a lot of life left in it and the future. We’ll see what the future holds for it, but we do think it’s a long-term franchise and it is certainly something that we’re pleased with the results. In terms of Private Division, we really couldn’t be more pleased with the way Private Division is going. As Strauss said, we’ve already had three titles that have sold in excess of 1 million units each, which is unusual for independent releases.
We have a lot of titles in process. We’ve got one coming up this year with OlliOlli World. There are a lot of other deals in the pipeline. We’ve talked about some of them. Most of them we have not talked about yet. And they’re varied. They’re different scales, different sizes, different shapes, different kinds of experiences, which makes them very exciting. That team is growing not only from a creative talent perspective with support of Kerbal Space Program, but also from a marketing and publishing perspective. So we expect the best is yet to come from Private Division and we love how we’re positioned right now.
Brian Fitzgerald — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst
Awesome. Thanks Karl.
Operator
Our next question is from Matthew Thornton with Truist Securities. Please proceed with your question.
Gerrick Johnson — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
Hey, good afternoon, Strauss, Karl and Lainie. The comment around sequential growth in fiscal ’23 and the next few years and establishing new records I thought was pretty interesting. It sounded very confident for a team that I usually think of as being pretty conservative. So I thought that was very interesting. In that context, can you talk a little bit how you’re thinking about the pipeline, given kind of about the prolonged stay-at-home COVID impacts, tight labor market?
Curious just to see how you think you’re kind of progressing against those headwinds? Secondly, and somewhat related also just curious, your appetite around M&A at this point. Just $2.7 billion on the balance sheet at this point. Just how that opportunity landscape maybe looks now versus three or six or nine months ago? And then just finally a quick one on console shortages or tightness this year. I’m just kind of thinking about how impactful that was to your outlook for fiscal ’22 or not? Any color there would be great. Thanks guys.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
So thanks for your three questions. In terms of how we’re doing despite the pandemic, look, the team has just performed so well. We are very fortunate. Our IT group had us fully prepared for a disaster and we could never have predicted the pandemic, but a week after we had to start working from home, we were all set up remotely and we were highly productive and we stayed highly productive ever since. We had virtually no slippage. The only title that actually moved as a result of the pandemic was Kerbal Space Program 2, which moved out of this fiscal year and we’re super excited about that title and it will be coming.
The rest of our production stayed on target and the quality has been amazing as you’ve seen in our results. We are highly confident in our pipeline going forward. As Karl said though, the price that we pay for being as transparent about our future pipeline — certain things will change. We hope that certain things will change to the good; certain things may also disappoint us. At this point in time, we feel very good about the way our production is unfolding. And we don’t see any concerns on the horizon. With regard to M&A, our strategy remains the same. We have a very strong balance sheet.
We have the ability to do everything from modest add-on acquisitions, for example, we acquired HB Studios to more substantial acquisitions such as the acquisition of Playdots last calendar year and prior to that the acquisition of Social Point. There is no secret in that we wish to bulk up our mobile offerings. We’re certainly trying to do that organically. We have many titles coming for mobile from Social Point and Playdots and 2K and at the same time we’re open minded with regard to acquisitions. Our lens is pretty disciplined and the results of that just from lenses that in 14 years we haven’t had one failed acquisition. I’m sure we’ve also missed some opportunities by being overly disciplined. But on balance, it’s worked out well for us.
Our capital is used for three purposes: returning capital to our shareholders, which we’ve aggressively done over many years although opportunistically supporting organic growth, which is our story around here; and allowing us to pursue inorganic growth opportunities on a selective and disciplined basis and I think that will continue to be the case. Finally, with regard to console shortages, there is no doubt that supply chains were disrupted in the pandemic. They still remain disrupted. There is a chip shortage, but it’s sort of a good news, bad news thing.
The bad news I suppose is that you can get a console for love or money. The good news is that people really want these new consoles. We had a limited selection of releases for next-gen NBA 2K21 which is built from-the-ground-up for next-gen and Borderlands 3. We have obviously many more titles coming in the future. We think the supply shortages will be resolved and consumers will be able to buy their dream console. So over time, we’re not worried about it and it didn’t really hurt us short-term either.
Operator
And our next question is from Gerrick Johnson with BMO Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.
Gerrick Johnson — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
Hey, good afternoon. Thank you. I just want to dig into the marketing spend in the quarter a little bit more, up 30%. It’s the highest it’s ever been in the fourth quarter. There’s really no major leases coming. So what comprised that? And then a second question on the pipeline update. Just to be clear immersive core versus mid-core, etc. Can you just give us an example of what a mid-core game you have in your portfolio is now as we know how, what that would look like in the future? Thank you.
Lainie Goldstein — Chief Financial Officer
So the marketing in Q4 and into next year. It’s really to support the pipeline of titles that we talked about. It’s for our recurrent consumer spending titles and also for our titles going into next year. So, we’re looking at our head count and our need for our teams to really look at our pipeline in the future. It’s become more and more important for us to have the right support around the current titles that are out and the title’s because it’s not just titles that are coming out and releasing. They’re being supported all throughout their life cycle now. So it’s a very different type of marketing than it was in the past where we would just market unreleased. Now the titles are being marketed all throughout their life cycle. So you’ll probably see higher marketing going forward.
Gerrick Johnson — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
Understood. That makes sense. Thank you.
Karl Slatoff — President
And in terms of just sort of some examples around what immersive core versus mid-core would be. I’ll start with the mid-core; mid-core will be something like a WWE 2K Battlegrounds, would be a good example of a mid-core game. In terms of immersive core that really is a little more varied. But we do look at it as games that have highly engaging gameplay. People will spend hours and hours and hours at it at time. So, these would be examples, things like obviously Grand Theft Auto, Red Dead Redemption, Borderlands but also things like our strategy games from for Firaxis and also our — and of our sports simulations.
Gerrick Johnson — BMO Capital Markets — Analyst
Perfect. Thanks Karl.
Operator
Our next question is from Doug Creutz with Cowen and Company. Please proceed with your question.
Doug Creutz — Cowen and Company — Analyst
Hey, thanks. It’s interesting if we look at Twitch viewership of Grand Theft Auto over the last several months. It’s really exploded. It’s now the most viewed game on Twitch by I think a factor of two over League of Legends. Is this something that the Rockstar teams have been leaning into at all? Has it sort of sparked any discussions about what Grand Theft Auto Online might become or thoughts about maybe next iteration of it because it is a very interesting trend? Thanks.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Unfortunately, to answer the question implies information that we haven’t provided and don’t expect to provide anytime soon. That said, we’re gratified by exactly what you talked about, which is how popular Grand Theft Auto is on Twitch. We think the Twitch platform is amazing and it’s a reflection of the popularity of the title and Rockstar has said they will continue to support Grand Theft Auto Online with more content to come.
Doug Creutz — Cowen and Company — Analyst
Okay. Thanks.
Operator
Our next question is from Drew Crum with Stifel. Please proceed with your question.
Drew Crum — Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., Inc. — Analyst
Okay, thanks. Hey guys, good afternoon. I’m wondering if you’d be willing to discuss your expectations for the GTA V franchise in fiscal ’22? You typically say this is going to be the year that it declines and you’re also lapping looks to be about 50 million units of the full game, but you also have some new content later in the year, so number of puts and takes here where does that net out? And then separately Strauss, you noted that you’ve added 700 new developers over the last year. You’ve termed your investment in creative talent for fiscal ’22 is significant. On an organic basis, should we assume an uptick in fiscal ’22? And I know in the past you guys have noted a scarcity of quality developers. Has that dynamic changed or is it changing where the labor market is more favorable and conducive to accelerating hiring or is it more, where you are in your content cycle? Thanks.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, thank you for your question. There is more content coming for Grand Theft Auto Online and at the same time as we have said in the past, we do expect recurrent consumer spending to moderate in the year and we’ll see how that unfolds. The title has been around for a very long time and at some time generally speaking there is moderation. We’ve been so fortunate to have had another record year this past year, but it was an awfully unusual year.
Karl Slatoff — President
And in terms of development capacity, we have been investing for years in our development capacity both from organic hires and also through acquisition, and we fully expect that that will be continue into the future, and it is our plan. We have it baked into our plan to bring on more developers and again we have, you’re right, labor markets do get — they do tighten up. These folks are highly sought after but we have a really strong track record of attracting and retaining the best talent in the industry and part of that reason is because we provide a creative environment where these folks can flourish. And then we compensate them well in success and we align that compensation with our shareholders. And we think that’s a recipe that works really, really well and people love coming to Take-Two across all of our labels because that culture permeates the entire organization. So, it is tough to hire and retain key talent. But that is what we do and that’s the most important strategic advantage I think that we have as a company and that’s where we focus.
Drew Crum — Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., Inc. — Analyst
Okay, thanks guys.
Operator
And our next question is from Brian Nowak with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed with your question.
Brian Nowak — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to ask just about marketing a little bit, Lainie, maybe go back to one of your earlier answers. So the first one is on, now that you’ve brought on so many new users in the ecosystem throughout shelter-in, I’d be curious to hear about learnings you’ve had of how you’re going to hire marketing efficiency from all the user data and ways in which you’ve actually [Indecipherable] more people to your brands and to your great games?
Then the second one just to sort of go back to that comment you made about 55% of opex being tied to marketing, more recurring marketing spend for the titles. So are you saying that you think the marketing intensity for your games is actually going to go up going forward? Are you more saying that you’re spending ahead of new releases to kind of bring new users? What are you sort of intimating about higher spend even with older games?
Karl Slatoff — President
So I’ll take the first part. You’re right, there are a ton of more users in our ecosystem and that just — and not only just a number of users, but they’re more engaged. So every time somebody is engaging with one of our games we’ve got more data points. And the more data points that we have, the more information that we have to know what consumers want, when they want it, what kind of offers are going to make sense for them when to make sure that we give the consumer exactly what they’re looking for.
So the bigger that database and the stronger our data analytics capabilities get and we’ve invested significantly in those kinds of resources, not just tech but also human beings, people who really — data scientists who know how to analyze this data. And we — in my opinion we’re just scratching the surface. We’re pretty good at it. But I think there’s a lot of room for us to get a lot better. And the bigger that database gets and the more information we get, and the more we invest has just been returning our investment tenfold. So we expect that to continue this year and well into the future.
Lainie Goldstein — Chief Financial Officer
And when it comes to what I was saying about the 55% of the increase of the opex this year was for direct marketing. That’s because we have a lot of new releases in this year. So when we have new releases we tend to have big campaigns around the newer releases. So since we have more new releases this year that’s why we would have more marketing this year. And our marketing is very efficient around our titles. We also have a lot of marketing around our mobile title. So we have a big portfolio of mobile titles as well and mobile titles coming out, so that’s also been driving our marketing spend as well.
Brian Nowak — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Perfectly clear. Thank you. New releases in mobile. Thank you very much for that.
Operator
Our next question is from Eric Handler with MKM Partners. Please proceed with your question.
Eric Handler — MKM Partners LLC — Analyst
Good afternoon and thank you for the question. Wondered if you’d just could drill down on your mobile business a little bit since it is the fastest growing segment within the game space. I’m curious is all your mobile development currently within Playdots and Social Point or do you have studios within Rockstar and 2K that are also working on the mobile — on their own mobile games?
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
We have work going on throughout the organization. Obviously, Social Point and Playdots are dedicated to mobile experiences both mid-core and casual and we have some mobile titles at 2K as well. In fact, one of our biggest titles is WWE SuperCard and we have ongoing development throughout, some of which is announced, some of which is not yet.
Eric Handler — MKM Partners LLC — Analyst
Okay. And this is a follow-up. The term metaverse has been used a lot in the last three to five months or so. And when you think about all of the people that are playing GTA Online or GTA V but also Red Dead Online, how are you thinking five years plus down the road in sort of aggregating this pool of players and thinking about how you can create a bigger type of platform experience for them?
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
We’re going to create bigger experiences by encouraging our creative folks, as always to pursue their passions and to always think of that saying that no one thought of before, which is why our strategy is to be the most creative, the most innovative and the most efficient company in the entertainment business. I’m always allergic to buzzwords. The buzzword of virtual reality didn’t get this industry very far. AR hasn’t really improved matters either. 3D hasn’t really done much for us. What moves the dial in our business is amazing creativity, great characters, great stories, great graphics, great gameplay. The ability to enjoy those experiences with other people all around the world and that’s what really matters.
I think what the metaverse implies is what we already do with Grand Theft Auto Online and with what Red Dead Online and what we do with NBA 2K and what we aim to do with some upcoming titles, an opportunity to exist in that fictional world and express yourself in ways that are challenging, fun, competitive and new and find ourselves in places doing things that we can’t really do usually in the real world. I think that’s what it means. I think when you get into conversations around are people going to do conference calls in titles? Well, the answer is they can now, but we’re not doing — like, we could, I guess do this conference call inside one of our titles, but it’s a bit more efficient to do it this way. So the problem I have is that if you sort of take metaverse, SPAC and cryptocurrency, put them all together — in five years, will any of this matter? I’m not sure it will.
Eric Handler — MKM Partners LLC — Analyst
Thanks Strauss.
Operator
[Operator Instructions] And our next question is with Benjamin Black with Evercore ISI. Please proceed with your question.
Benjamin Black — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Great. Thank you for the question. I just have one on Apple Arcade. Curious to hear your takeaways so far on NBA 2K21. Has that had positive implications for our games sales elsewhere on other platforms? And I know you obviously support many platforms, but how do you sort of frame the opportunity set for potentially publishing more games on Arcade? Thank you.
Karl Slatoff — President
Yeah, as I said in my remarks we’re very happy how NBA is doing on Apple Arcade. It’s the most popular game on the service right now, so we can’t ask for anything more than that. It’s still pretty early ultimately. So is it having a huge impact on selling games across other platforms? Hard to tell at this point. Do we think that that certainly is a possibility? I think absolutely because anytime you get people exposed to the game through new platforms or platforms where they otherwise may not have exposure to it that’s a positive thing from a marketing perspective. So stay tuned on that.
Benjamin Black — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Our next question is with Stephen Ju with Credit Suisse. Please proceed with your question.
Stephen Ju — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Okay, thank you. So Strauss, I think I heard Lainie say that I think the forward guidance parameters peak in I think 80% of sales of gains I think coming from downloads. So now that brick-and-mortar retail has completely de-indexed as a relative contributor to your business over the last sort of console cycle. I mean, I remember when it was a green to have it be greater than 50% and match where the PC industry is — it is today in terms of the mix. So do you think this opens up the possibility for you to be more experimental with your pricing, particularly for those titles outside the core Rockstar and the 2K property, especially as you think about expanding of potential audience, particularly now that there is really a greater ability to monetize those users with recurrent consumer spend? Thanks.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
I think it’s a really excellent point and I think you’re right, there is a bit more flexibility when you can move quickly and you don’t have to worry about stock that you shipped in or price protection for example which can be costly undoubtedly we can move more with, more agility in terms of promotions. So I think there is a benefit, but of course that benefit is swamped by the simple benefit that our margins are much higher. With regard to digital distribution and physical. That’s the big difference. And I think the other difference which we haven’t really talked about but obviously something that’s going on in the market right now as we expect that the cost of distribution will decline for any number of reasons, and that also will go directly to the bottom line.
Stephen Ju — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Our next question is with Andrew Marok with Raymond James. Please proceed with your question.
Andrew Marok — Raymond James — Analyst
Hi, thanks for taking my questions. So with another great quarter in NBA 2K in the fourth quarter. And as the pandemic engagement surge starts to level out a bit. Pardon me for mixing my sports metaphors here, but what inning are we in for monetization of the existing NBA player base and how much of the franchises growth comes from audience expansion? Thanks.
Karl Slatoff — President
Thanks for the question. We get that question a lot, and it’s tough to answer, because every time our perspective seems to change. My answer is I feel like we’re in the early innings. I’m not going to give you an exact innings, we’re certainly not in the 7th inning stretch or not in the first innings, it’s somewhere in between. But I do think like I mentioned before, our analytics capabilities are getting much more sophisticated and not to mention, we do have — we have a lot of modes in our NBA game.
And we have different ways for people to engage and therefore we have different ways for to monetize in those modes and just getting people to play more deeply engaged in the game and play across those, there is a lot of opportunity right there in and of itself, so we’re not just stuck to one type of monetization for car parks, etc like that. We’ve got a lot of other opportunities. So that, and also the fact that we still got a long way to go in terms of mastering the — our analytics capabilities makes me believe we’re pretty early.
Andrew Marok — Raymond James — Analyst
Got it. Thank you.
Operator
And our next question is from Mike Hickey with The Benchmark Company. Please proceed with your question.
Mike Hickey — The Benchmark Company — Analyst
Thanks Strauss, Karl, Lainie in the call. Thanks for taking my question guys and congratulations on a great quarter. Strauss just curious this maybe sensitive, but wondering your view on sort of the Epic Apple Live debate on revenue share. And if you think that this could encourage maybe structural teams to do sort of stores on mobile and console when we think about revenue share and competition, similar to what we’ve seen on PC?
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I think alluded to that in my last remark, Mike. So I think we’re on the same wavelength. I do believe that distribution costs will decline, of course, I can’t opine specifically on that action because I don’t have any particular insight. However, between regulatory authorities investigations and private concerns, clearly take rates are being examined. But at the end of the day, as the economy recovers and we are in a broadly competitive distribution environment.
Then the goal of this organization has always been and remains be where the consumer is which means will employ a broad array of distribution platforms, including our own direct to consumer platform and what that means over time is it’s going to be hard to have a take rate for distributors that is economically too high leads to an unstable system and that’s what you’re seeing now in my opinion. I think this will be resolved relatively soon, and it will be resolved in a favorable way and I think that take rates will decline meaningfully in that will of course benefit us it’s not many of our guidance, but it is in my expectations course we don’t organize the company around. My expectations, but you asked my opinion. And so our share.
Mike Hickey — The Benchmark Company — Analyst
All right, thanks guys. Good luck.
Operator
And we have reached the end of the question-and-answer session. And I’ll now turn the call over to Chairman and CEO, Strauss Zelnick for closing remarks.
Strauss Zelnick — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
First of all, I want to thank all of our colleagues all around the world nearly 7,000 people for these amazing results. Imagine if you will the extraordinary work and commitment it has taken to deliver in these difficult times. And our team has just been stellar and has been smiling the whole time, despite the challenges and the probations, in certain instances personal tragedies as well, which I know many of you have had also. So thank you from the bottom of our collective hearts.
And the same time we’re so optimistic going forward. We’re in a better place than we’ve ever been before and we’re in a pretty good place now. We’re incredibly excited about the upcoming products. We work in an organization where we love to show up every day and we’re blessed to be able to do so with great colleagues all around the world. So thank you to our colleagues. Thank you to our shareholders for your support and thank you all for joining us today.