The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE:KO) Q1 2023 Earnings Call dated Apr. 24, 2023.
Corporate Participants:
Robin Halpern — Global Director – Investor Relations
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Dara Mohsenian — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Lauren Lieberman — Barclays — Analyst
Bonnie Herzog — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Bryan Spillane — Bank of America — Analyst
Steve Powers — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Andrea Teixeira — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Robert Ottenstein — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Nik Modi — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst
Peter Grom — UBS — Analyst
Bill Chappell — Truist Securities — Analyst
Kevin Grundy — Jefferies — Analyst
Chris Carey — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst
Carlos Laboy — HSBC — Analyst
Charlie Higgs — Redburn — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
At this time, I’d like to welcome everyone to The Coca-Cola Company’s First Quarter 2023 Earnings Results Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]
I would like to remind everyone that the purpose of this conference is to talk with investors and therefore, questions from the media will not be addressed. Media participants should contact Coca-Cola’s Media Relations Department if they have any questions.
I would now like to introduce Mrs. Robin Halpern, Vice President, Head of Investor Relations. Mrs. Halpern, you may now begin.
Robin Halpern — Global Director – Investor Relations
Good morning, and thank you for joining us. I’m here with James Quincey, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; and John Murphy, our President and Chief Financial Officer. We’ve posted schedules under Financial Information in the Investors section of our Company website at coca-colacompany.com. These schedules reconcile certain non-GAAP financial measures, which may be referred to by our senior executives during this morning’s discussion to our results as reported under generally accepted accounting principles. You can also find schedules in the same section of our website that provide an analysis of our gross and operating margins.
In addition, this call may contain forward-looking statements, including statements concerning long-term earnings objectives, which should be considered in conjunction with cautionary statements contained in our earnings release and in the Company’s periodic SEC reports.
Following prepared remarks, we will turn the call over for questions. Please limit yourself to one question. If you have more than one, please ask your most pressing first, and then re-enter the queue.
Now, I’ll turn the call over to James.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Robin; and good morning, everyone. 2023 is off to a good start. We continued to execute well and grow amidst the dynamic macroenvironment. We like to say we have an all weather strategy, one that enables us to thrive no matter what’s happening in the world. We pursue excellence globally with an eye towards winning locally as a system. And our brand investments continue to create value for our customers and consumers, leading to our ability to drive quality growth for our stakeholders.
Today, I’ll discuss our first quarter performance and provide some perspective around today’s global consumer and macroenvironment. I’ll then reiterate why we are confident in our ability to deliver on our guidance for the full year. And finally, I’ll elaborate on how the actions we’re taking set us up for success in any environment and how we’re driving resilience for our business and continued growth in 2023 and over the long-term. John will then discuss our results and go into more detail on the 2023 outlook.
In the first quarter, pandemic restrictions in parts of the world relaxed and many supply chain pressures abated. At the same time, inflation and geopolitical tensions persisted and new concerns emerged around the stability in the banking sector and the magnitude of the potential squeeze on consumers. In the face of these factors, we continued to generate momentum as investments in our brands got the year off to a positive start. We remain focused on creating value by meeting the needs of our customers and consumers.
We delivered 12% organic revenue growth in the quarter. This was primarily driven by pricing actions across markets and revenue growth management initiatives to retain and add consumers. We also delivered volume growth of 3%, which is in line with last year versus 2019. We saw growth across developed, as well as developing and emerging markets, and we continued to gain both volume and value share for the quarter including at-home and away-from-home channels.
We are encouraged by this momentum and are operating the business with a focus on growth, while closely monitoring macro trends as signs of a slowdown. As we look around the world today, the consumer picture varies across our markets. In Asia Pacific, the reopening of China has led to an increase in consumer activity, but consumption is still recovering to pre-pandemic levels. India’s economy remains resilient with a strong job market and robust consumption. In Japan, consumers are feeling inflationary pressure for the first time in many years.
In Europe, the recent banking crisis added to last year’s energy spike, driving further uncertainty to purchasing behaviors and consumers continue to increasingly seek out affordable and private label options across many FMCG categories.
In North America, the picture is a mixed bag. With unemployment low, gas prices improved and savings holding up, but inflation and higher mortgage rates are top-of-mind concerns for many consumers. In many developing and emerging markets in Latin America, Africa and the Middle East, consumers continue to face varying levels of inflation and volatility in the macroeconomic conditions.
Clearly, there is uncertainty on how the consumer environment may ultimately play out in 2023. But thanks to the hard work of our people and partners, we are a more flexible network enterprise today. And with our enhanced system alignment, we are confident we can win together locally in a wide variety of environments.
Let’s start with the portfolio. We have a growth portfolio of consumer-centric brands across categories, including $26 billion brands. And networked organization is allowing us to raise the bar innovation and marketing to leverage our loved brands more effectively in the marketplace. We’re keeping our streamlined portfolio of brands relevant with consumers and finding innovative ways to offer beverage choices for every occasion.
In Japan, we’ve recently relaunched our Georgia coffee brand with a fresh new look and a bright proposition to inspire current consumers and expand Georgia’s appeal to a broader audience complementing costless premium ready-to-drink offerings in that market.
We’re expanding our exploration in alcohol ready-to-drink beverages with a keen focus on responsibility. We work with Brown-Forman to roll out Jack & Coke cocktails in the US during the quarter with more markets launching now. It’s early days, but the ability to get one of the most popular bar calls in the world in a can is proving to be compelling to retailers and consumers based on preliminary volumes and velocities. We are encouraged by the level of engagement at distribution expense.
We’re driving bigger and bolder innovations that can leverage consumer insights, leading to a higher success rate and enduring growth. In North America, we continue to foster brand love for fairlife, just grown volume double-digits for eight consecutive years. fairlife became a $1 billion brand last year, and we’re building on the momentum of the brand, including the success of co-power with fairlife nutrition plan. Launched with a digital-first campaign in the club channel, fairlife nutrition plan has seen strong consumer interest from those looking for a high protein, low sugar shake that tastes great and is lactose-free. We’re planning to expand the product in more channels and packages in the coming months.
We’re working with WPP, a global marketing network partner and increasingly leveraging digital capabilities to engage consumers through passion points, personalized experiences and collaborations. The Coke Studio concept first drove cultural relevance and brand performance in Pakistan, with the latest season streamed over 1 billion times. We scaled the program to 30 markets last year. And in 2023, it will become an always on platform across the globe. Connecting consumers’ love of music to consumption occasions by spotlighting breakthrough talent, Coke Studio provides a portal, the live digital experiences and can be activated using QR codes on air packages. Consumers can drink, scan and enjoy their favorite beverage along with music from genres around the world.
Working as a network system with our bottlers, we’re managing through macroeconomic uncertainty with enhanced capabilities in revenue growth management and integrated execution. We often talk about the many levers of revenue growth management. While the inflationary environment led to proactive pricing increases over the past 18 months, it’s important to recognize our RGM capabilities extend far beyond pricing. At its core, revenue growth management is about consumer-centric segmentation, ensuring we have the right product in the right package in the right channel at the right price point drive transactions and meet consumers where they are.
Affordability and premiumization are key levers to maintain and expand our consumer base. And we continue to balance affordable offerings, the compelling premium propositions to ensure we have beverage option across income levels. Affordability is a driver in developing and emerging markets, evidenced by double-digit volume growth in these offerings in Indonesia and Vietnam, helping to drive record sparkling share in Vietnam and driving approximately 3 billion transactions at affordable price points in India this quarter.
Premium packages like slim cans and mini cans are seeing strong growth in many markets, including Australia, where mini cans drove 40 million transactions and contributed to share growth in the region. Premiumization also includes indulgent products and occasions.
In addition to alcohol ready-to-drink beverages, we’re also participating more broadly in adult alcohol drinking occasions. In North America, we’ve expanded our Simply premium juice brand into the mixer segment with Simply Mixology, available in three flavors to serve as a cocktail or mocktail. In Europe, we’ve relaunched our Kinley and Royal Bliss brands as harmonized platforms to participate in the adult mixer segment.
For both affordability and premiumization, the value proposition is often messaged to the point-of-sale, such as the expansion of the value bundle in certain channels in the US and the mini can mini price campaign that drove strong growth in small packages in Japan.
RGM coupled with integrated execution also drives value for our customers. By providing key insights and offering the right mix of brands, packages, price points and compelling data-driven promotions, we are able to partner with customers to deliver traffic, basket and instance growth. Latin America is a great example of how this came to life in the first quarter, evidenced by revenue growth ahead of transaction and transaction growth ahead of volume.
By working closely with key retailers, our system focused on the availability of cold single-serve beverages in premium brands such as Schweppes and smartwater. We introduced refillable packages into new channels, all while driving better in-stock levels and higher consumer traffic in-store, earning accolades from customers.
Our business is largely recovered from the effects of the pandemic and remains well-equipped to navigate the dynamic macroenvironment and is emerging with even stronger capabilities and system alignment to live a vibrant, long-term growth for many years to come. At the same time, our consumers also care about sustainability. While we strive to grow our business, we also want to be water positive, drive a circular economy for our packaging and grow consumer beverage choices including low and no-calorie brands as part of our total beverage strategy.
These goals are integral to our business and beneficial for society. Our annual business and sustainability report will be released soon, including an integrated section on our World Without Waste packaging initiatives. We’re proud of what we’ve accomplished so far, recognize there is still opportunity ahead and continue to lead, as well as add collectively with other key stakeholders to drive progress on this agenda. I encourage you to learn more about how we’re progressing against our targets across various sustainability pillars and priorities to refresh the world and make a difference.
Before I hand over to John, I’d note that it’s early in the year and there is a fair amount of uncertainty around the operating environment ahead. But our first quarter results give us increased visibility to deliver on our full-year 2023 guidance. We’re executing more efficiently and effectively on a local level, maintaining flexibility on a global level and continuing to reinvest in the business and build the system for the long-term. In short, we’re expanding the sphere of what we can control. We are well-prepared to respond with speed to changing market dynamics as we’ve demonstrated that we can do. By staying clear on our purpose and remaining consumer-centric, we continue to execute to deliver sustainable long-term growth.
With that, I’ll turn the call over to John.
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, James; and good morning, everyone. We’ve had a good start to the year with strong first quarter results. Starting with the top-line, we grew organic revenues 12%. Unit cases grew 3% with broad-based growth across most markets driven by investments in the marketplace. Concentrate sales were 2 points behind unit cases for the quarter, primarily driven by timing of concentrate shipments and one less day.
Our price mix growth was 11% for the quarter. Much of this was driven by carryover pricing coming into the base from last year along with some new pricing actions across our operating segments, as well as revenue growth management initiatives and favorable channel and package mix.
Comparable gross margin for the quarter was up approximately 120 basis points driven by underlying expansion and a slight benefit from bottle refranchising, partially offset by the impact of currency. Underlying gross margin expansion was driven by a benefit from the phasing of inventory costs, strong organic revenue growth and cycling the timing of M&A integration expenses, partially offset by higher commodity costs.
Comparable operating margin expanded approximately 40 basis points for the quarter. This was primarily driven by underlying operating margin expansion due to robust top-line growth across our operating segments, partially offset by increased marketing investments and higher operating costs.
Putting it all together, first quarter comparable EPS of $0.68 reflects an increase of 5% year-over-year despite higher-than-expected 7% currency headwinds.
Free cash flow was negative by approximately $120 million in the quarter. This was largely attributable to the timing of working capital initiatives and the previously discussed M&A-related payments that took place in the quarter. Our underlying cash flow generation remains strong and we feel confident in our cash flow agenda and full-year outlook.
Our balance sheet is fit-for-purpose to support our growth agenda. And our net debt leverage of 1.8 times EBITDA as of the end of the first quarter is below our targeted range of 2 times to 2.5 times.
Our capital allocation priorities remain the same. We continue to invest to drive long-term growth and to deliver dividend growth for our shareowners, as evidenced by the 5% dividend increase announced in February. We remain mindful of maintaining our financial flexibility amidst the ongoing tax disputes with the IRS. We are currently waiting for the Tax Court to render its final opinion in the case, allowing us to move forward with the appeals process. As previously discussed, we intend to assert our claims on appeal, vigorously defend our position and believe we will ultimately prevail. We will continue to keep you updated.
As James mentioned, we are encouraged by our first quarter results, and are harnessing what we can control to remain resilient in the face of a volatile operating environment. We remain laser-focused on top-line-led growth, as well as the endurance of the bottom-line and we’ll reinvest in our brands with more rigor and disciplined using the refreshed resource allocation framework we discussed at CAGNY. This approach enables the enterprise to prioritize and put more focus behind the country and category combinations that can deliver the best return in the near-term. While fueling steady progress on our total beverage strategy over time, it also allows us to be more dynamic and to adapt quickly.
For example, in emerging markets, where commercial beverages are still a small part of daily consumption, we’re leading with core sparkling and juice strengths propositions. In developed markets, where consumers are looking for more beverage choices, we’re investing behind a broader portfolio of brands and categories including value-added dairy, enhanced water, tea and coffee.
Despite the global macro picture remaining uncertain in the months ahead, our planned investments and operational strategy will support the momentum we’ve seen early in the year and give us good visibility to deliver on our 2023 guidance. This guidance is comprised of organic revenue growth of 7% to 8%, primarily led by price mix amidst the ongoing inflationary environment, comparable currency-neutral earnings per share growth of 7% to 9%. Based on current rates and our hedge positions, we are reiterating our currency outlook of an approximate 2 to 3 point headwind to comparable net revenues and an approximate 3 to 4 point currency headwind to comparable earnings per share for full-year 2023.
Inflationary forces are moderating in some respects. Spot prices have come down in oil and freight rates are more favorable. That said, many commodities we’re exposed to have been sticky and we have some advantage of hedges that will be rolling-off to less favorable rates during the year. Based on current rates and hedge positions, we continue to expect per case commodity price inflation in the range of a mid-single digit impact on comparable cost of goods sold in 2023. Additionally, we expect wages and inflation and media will continue to remain elevated.
Despite the increase in the first quarter effective tax rate, we continue to expect our underlying effective tax rate to be 19.5% for 2023. All-in, we are reiterating comparable earnings per share growth of 4% to 5% versus $2.48 in 2022. We expect to generate approximately $9.5 billion of free cash flow in 2023, through approximately $11.4 billion in cash from operations, less approximately $1.9 billion in capital investments.
I would like to remind you that included in cash from operations are two discrete items related to: One, transition tax payments, which will take place in the second quarter; and two, payments associated with M&A transactions. Excluding these, our implied free cash flow conversion would be within our long-term guidance. This guidance does not include any payments related to our ongoing US income tax dispute with the IRS. Overall, we don’t expect the tax dispute to have a bearing on our ability to deliver on our capital allocation agenda and drive long-term business growth.
There are some considerations to keep in mind as it pertains to our guidance. We expect price mix to moderate through the year as we cycle our pricing initiatives from the prior year. The discrete gross margin benefits related to the phasing of inventory costs and cycling the timing of M&A integration expenses this quarter are unlikely to repeat. Given the ongoing backdrop of rising interest rates, we expect to see higher net interest expense given our effective exposure to floating rate debts. And finally, due to our reporting calendar, there will be one additional day in the fourth quarter.
With a quarter of good results to start the year and our focus on driving top-line-led growth in any macroeconomic environment, we are well-positioned to compound quality value by delivering on 2023 guidance. Our network structure and aligned system are enabling us to deliver on our three key objectives: pursuing excellence globally and winning locally, investing for the long-term health of the business and generating US dollar EPS growth. The strength of our people and great partnerships with our bottlers around the world give us confidence in our ability to win with consumers in the marketplace and deliver value for our stakeholders.
With that, operator, we are ready to take questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Dara Mohsenian from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Dara Mohsenian — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Hey, guys. So first just a detailed question. You guys, obviously, started out with a pretty robust initial outlook for sales of 7% to 8% for the full-year in 2023, obviously a strong start in Q1, you kept that full-year guidance. So just can you give us a sense to Q1 come in better than you expected? Was this more expected, wind up move on the full year? And within that, can you also comment on away-from-home trends in Q1, as we recover from COVID and what you guys are expecting in the balance of the year, including in China, which is probably in a different place in the rest of the world? Thanks.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. Let me start at the back end then come in reverse. So, yes, China opening up, certainly, a pattern of consumer behavior, not unlike when US, Europe opened up. So there has been a resumption in consumer activity. There was a rebound of consumption in Chinese New Year, which obviously fell in the first quarter. So we’re certainly seeing the performance in China getting better, and we’ve been focused on bringing back our marketing and increasing availability in some of the rural marketplaces. Remember, in Q2, we’ll be cycling the toughest part of ’22, I think, for China. But net-net, we remain cautiously optimistic. I mean, it’s still — the Chinese business is still below the 2019 level, but we are cautiously optimistic on the rest of the year for China.
The other part of Q1 on the away-from-home, as much as it seems incredible to remember, Q1 last year, we were still talking about Omicron and not everywhere was opened up. So, we are seeing in the first quarter this year additional strength in the away-from-home business. I’ll take the US as an example. Immediate consumption packages grew ahead of future consumption packages. The away-from-home channels, for example, QSR restaurants had a good strong quarter the first quarter this year, in part because we’re cycling a partially opened first quarter and that will logically moderate as we get into the rest of the year, because now we’re starting to cycle the opening. So, hopefully, those are the two pieces.
Look, overall, first quarter was strong. It was certainly within the bounds of our expectations and our plans. We talked very much in February about how we expected to be able to focus on having volume growth, continuing to build the franchise of our beverages across the whole year, but expecting to see pricing moderate from what was similar levels to Q4, which is what we see in Q1, back down to sort of more normal levels by the end of the year.
So, good strong start. And we are maintaining guidance, we still feel confident in our guidance and we are well equipped. The outlook has a degree of uncertainty in it. That’s I think more elevated than pre-COVID, obviously, not COVID-driven, but there is plenty of uncertainty out there in terms of the direction of travel, of inflation, both the consumers’ reaction to it and the input side. So we have a set of guidance out there that sees both input costs, our own cost and pricing moderating through the year, but there’s still a long way to go.
So, I think, take it as we feel good about our guidance, there’s a lot less to manage. We have a good strategy and we’re certainly focused on this kind of all weather results as we go into the rest of the year.
Operator
Our next question comes from Lauren Lieberman from Barclays. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Lauren Lieberman — Barclays — Analyst
Great. Thanks so much. One of the things that stood out to me this quarter was the profitability in North America. So, just curious if you could comment on that. It looks like margins kind of reached toward a new high watermark. And I was just curious how much of that, if there was anything one time or if it has to do with portfolio mix and realization of pricing. Thanks.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. Do you want to do, John?
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Thanks, Lauren. Yeah, on the back of what James just said, strong start for the year, we expected in Q1 to see North America coming out the gates given the carryover pricing that we knew would be a tailwind for the quarter. We also saw benefits from immediate consumption been strong through the quarter. And as we look to the rest of the year, we continue to keep in mind our ongoing objectives to expand margins. But Q1 was — we come out of the gate strong; we knew we would. And we look to the rest of the year in line with what James was saying to moderate as we get into the back half of the year on the pricing front and to continue to be be laser-focused using our RGM work to stay with the consumer. So, feel good about the start. Rest of the year is looking positive. And yes, we will take into account, I think, some of the trends we’re seeing on the macroeconomic and consumer front-end and manage the — that environment with various levers we have.
Operator
Our next question comes from Bonnie Herzog from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Bonnie Herzog — Goldman Sachs — Analyst
Hi. Thank you. Good morning, everyone. I had a question on your business in Europe. Organic sales in the quarter were incredibly strong, up 23% on a tough comp. So just curious if you could help us unpack this a bit more; maybe touch on the resilience of the consumer, how big of a factor the mild winter was, and then, were there any countries within Europe that were particularly strong, for instance. Thanks.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Bonnie. Look, firstly, EMEA is more than just Europe. That’s the first key point. It includes some countries that had some near hyper-inflationary effects of Turkey. And there is an impact in the first quarter of high inflation in Turkey, which has kind of pushed the price mix up more than would be normal.
Secondly, of course, there is some carryover pricing from the inflationary burst that happens in kind of the European Union, throughout the UK last year, and that will moderate as we go over ’23 as is likely to be the Turkish inflation. There’s some mix benefits of Western Europe having as you said, a relatively mild winter, and so despite the pressures on our purchasing power actually Western Europe had a very good first quarter and that’s good in its own right, but it’s also good in a mix effect within EMEA.
So kind of everything did pretty well, a number of other Middle Eastern and African countries did well, perhaps all with the exception of Nigeria. So it was a strong overall resolve, lots of mix in there, and as I said, a bit of an inflation rate effect between carryover and Turkey that will moderate in the rest of the year.
Operator
Our next question comes from Bryan Spillane from Bank of America. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Bryan Spillane — Bank of America — Analyst
Thanks, operator. Good morning, guys. John, I wanted to just touch back on some of the gross margin comments you made earlier. And I guess, looking at the slide deck, right, there was about 140 basis points of gross margin benefit — underlying gross margin expansion in the quarter. Can you just give us some sense of how much, I guess, the inventory phasing and the lapping of the M&A integration cost? Just how much of the stuff that, I guess, is kind of more one-time impacted that 140 basis points? And I guess, as we’re thinking about pricing fading through the year, would we be kind of more looking at kind of flattish maybe gross margins as we move through the balance of the year? So, if you could just kind of give us a little bit more color on those items would be helpful. Thank you.
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Bryan. So after 140 basis points, you’re correct, included in that is the one time on the inventory and the cycling of M&A, it’s about half of that. The other half comes from mainly from the carryover price and some favorable price mix in the quarter. So as you think about the rest of the year, I was — keep in mind the following. As I just mentioned with North America, I think, it’s across the board moderation on price both rate and frequency. I think, a greater use of our RGM levers to help to say with the consumer as we see the consumer in different states and different parts of the world. We’ll have some FX headwinds similar to what we had in Q1 throughout the year, we — it’s our current expectation. We will have an extra day in the fourth quarter. And so I’d keep in mind that we have implicit in our long-term algorithm a ongoing objective to expand margins and that remains very much the focus to take those items into account for the rest of the year as you think about the 2023 full-year.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
I would also say like and we’ve talked about it historically on pricing volume. I would encourage people not to draw correlations through one quarter, and even use four quarters or annuals. Given our position relative to the bottlers and the final consumer, I think it’s important to kind of average out some of these effects through all of variables that John mentioned and take a multi-quarter view of what’s going on and take that all into account.
Operator
Our next question comes from Steve Powers from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Steve Powers — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Hey. Great. Good morning, everybody. Thank you. Just — maybe first like, just a quick clarification. John, I think, as the year started, you talked about an expectation of bottom-line or below-the-line deleverage on higher interest cost and the like. This quarter we saw that work in your favor, just because of the higher other equity income, and just wanted to get an update as to whether you still expect to deleverage on the year or the first quarter change that outlook.
My broader question is back to revenue growth management. And James, you talked about affordability versus premiumization, which has been a theme. I was wondering if you could maybe frame what percentage of the portfolio today is what you classify as affordable versus premium, how does those cohorts are growing relative to the totality? And just the relationship between the two, like would you still be pursuing the affordability opportunity as aggressively, if you didn’t have the premiumization lever working for you? Are those two things related in your mind or are they mutually exclusive? Thank you.
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Let me take the first part, Steve. Just as you said, the first quarter, we did benefit from the equity income coming in better. And we also had a couple of one-times on dividends, etc, that helped. For the rest of the year, no significant change on what we’ve guided on interest expense you can expect Q2 and Q3, relative to prior year to be higher impact given that we saw the step-up starting in Q4 of last year. So we still, for the full year, expect the same quantum of deleverage as we had indicated in our February guidance.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Perhaps I’ll take the RGM bit, Steve. I’m not sure I would attach a percentage to it globally. I’m not sure it drives relevance. I think a couple of thoughts though. One, clearly as over time, there has been an increase in disparity of income in any given country. The need to match the consumer across a broader range of price points has gone up. So you see both more opportunity and more need to have a foot in affordability and the other foot in premium.
And so, both of the ends of the spectrum have been going up over time as we seek to meet the consumers where they are and where their pockets are, and allow them to stay in our franchise. So, see it as a need to do more of both. Obviously, what’s affordable and what’s premium in the US might look different than it does in Africa or China or Western Europe, but the direction of travel is more above. And the mechanic of delivering on them, again, is different by countries. In Latin America, where it might be with a refillable PET bottle to get down to affordability; in the US, it might be certain package sizes or the level of promos in some of the modern trade channels. Again, premium might look different. It might be returnable glass in Spain and it might be different categories, for example fairlife in the US.
Operator
Our next question comes from Andrea Teixeira from J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Andrea Teixeira — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Thank you. Good morning. James, I appreciate your comment on the puts and takes, especially with the away-from-home and the easy comps for the QSRs in the US in the first quarter. We have been seeing some retailers talk about weather and also seen companies talk about weaker recent trends in particularly in the US in March. I know to the extent you normally don’t give us the exit rate, but particularly now as we see this puts and takes and of course, your guidance doesn’t really imply a continuation of the trends that you saw in the first quarter. So, I think obviously this start is a pretty good start and give us some more confidence on the rest of the year, but perhaps talk about these puts and takes and the easy comps in Asia that you alluded to. Thank you.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
It’s — I mean we’re two weeks into the second quarter. So I think that I don’t think there’s anything particularly productive in it. I mean, they weren’t out-of-the-park results in the first couple of weeks, but there was some worse weather in India and in the US and the shift of Eastern side. I don’t think one can draw a lot from a couple of softer weeks in the first week of April. The whole — the performance through the quarter was good. There wasn’t a major ski slope from January through to March. And so, I think we saw continued strength. I would encourage people as they look out for the rest of the year and think about momentum, as I did last year, to look at some of the multi-year trends on a — last year, I encouraged people to look compared to 2019 on a three-year CAGR basis, because then that helps see through some of the re-openings and closings and all the strangeness. I would encourage the same thing this year in the sense of the four-year CAGR to 2019 and see it that way. Look, there’s a long way to go. We’ve started with strong momentum. We had it in January. We had it in March. The consumers holding up. And we feel good about the strength of our strategy.
Operator
Our next question comes from Rob Ottenstein from Evercore. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Robert Ottenstein — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Great. Thank you very much. James, you’ve had some very interesting packaging innovation and digital engagement with younger consumers trying to keep them, bring them into the CSD portfolio. Just wondering if you could give us any kind of sense of how that’s developing. Are you seeing improved brand equity scores with the younger consumers, better market share, any early signs that these innovations [Technical Issues] to younger demographics developed markets are working? Thank you.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. Yeah. You put your finger on that kind of nexus of a whole set of innovations. Let me just focus them in on just using Coca-Cola brand, just to start with for a second. I mean, we did the Coke Creations, which was kind of limited edition, kind of, beyond its vanilla or its cherry into kind of Startdust and Marshmello. And I think it was much more engaging for consumers. Some of the advertising, I mean, we did, we partnered with OpenAI and ChatGPT and DALL-E to run a promotion where you could design Coke advertising and have it come up on the Time Square billboard. And all of that change obviously, the biggest scale through the marketing, which has become much more digital over the last three years is starting to drive a difference. So, if I were to take the US where historically we have been under recruiting to not say not recruiting, consumers, we can see that the growth in the Coke franchise is not just being driven by increased recruitment by increased engagement and recruitment of Gen-Z. So, you’re starting to see an impact come through on the aggregate recruiting numbers, on the aggregate engagement with Gen-Z, and the increase of Gen-Z coming into the franchise.
Operator
Our next question comes from Nik Modi from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Nik Modi — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst
Yeah. Thank you. Good morning, everyone. James, I was hoping you can talk about the non-sparkling part of the business. Let’s hope from a consumer and product strategy side, but more from a go-to-market with this whole reorganization going on in North America, in particular, is there a better infrastructure do you think for Coke to sell the entire portfolio versus, kind of historically how it’s been much more, kind of predominantly focused on sparkling? Any thoughts on that would be helpful.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
So, let me talk about the portfolio and then the go-to-market. I mean, clearly the portfolio in North America has been expanding over the last decade, but a lot recently as well. I think the results you’re seeing in North America is actually driven by the overused expression of the ANT [Phonetic] strategy. We’re seeing growth in soft drinks, good resonance in Coke and Coke Zero, but also growth in the rest of the portfolio.
We talked about in the script how fairlife has been on a multi-year journey really doing well. Obviously that builds on some of the previous acquisitions with vitaminwater and smartwater doing really well in the quarter. And so, you’re starting to see the portfolio being built out across the different categories. Clearly, it’s not all plain sailing in every category. We’ve talked how we need to stabilize and reinvigorate BODYARMOR in tandem with Powerade. Just starting to see some growth in the coffee, ready-to-drink in North America.
Now, all of that feeds into a set of routes to the market, which are — there are multiple platforms in the US that have been clearly the biggest piece is the bottlers, largely to obviously retailers and lots of away-from-home channels, complemented by the chilled route and the fountain route. So, I think there’s much greater focus on getting the portfolio, be the portfolio that works for consumers, and drives a winning strategy for the retailers. And then a vastly strengthened bottling system over the last number of years through the refranchising through great work by the bottlers in the US to both increase their capability and to increase their rate of investments.
Operator
Our next question comes from Peter Grom from UBS. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Peter Grom — UBS — Analyst
Thanks, operator; and good morning, everyone. So, James, I was hoping to follow up on that a little bit and just, kind of get some perspective on the current trends in the sports drink category specifically here in the US. I think you called out BODYARMOR and Powerade is being under some pressure in the release and you just alluded to that in your response to the next question. So, can you maybe just talk about the competitive dynamics in that category and kind of how you see that evolving as we look out over the balance of the year? Thanks.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Sure. Obviously, we’ve got two brands. We’ve got BODYARMOR and Powerade. We’ve talked on previous calls where we had not had the greatest integration into the Coke system last year on BODYARMOR and obviously there’s some new players and new category dynamics. We are very focused on stabilizing our portfolio and growing from here, we brought out some product innovation in the first quarter with BODYARMOR Flash I.V. This BODYARMOR SportWater continued to be the fastest growing premium water and Powerade zero sugar. So, we’re starting to see some innovation coming through some better marketing. There’ll be some missing package formats going into the marketplace in Q2 with multi-serve, multi-pack versions of BODYARMOR. And so, we think we can do well as we’ve talked about before with BODYARMOR and Powerade. And it’s early days, but we see some promising signs to reverting the trends by the end of the year.
Operator
Our next question comes from Bill Chappell from Truist Securities. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Bill Chappell — Truist Securities — Analyst
Thanks. Thanks first for letting me in. Just a follow-up on the still and kind of elasticity, I mean, it seems like sparkling, you have plenty of pricing opportunity even from here, but maybe also on juice, water, kind of base level, do you see promotions coming back in? Do you see like you feel like you’re running into a feeling at some point this year in terms of pricing, because, especially as you’re getting more of a middle or lower-end consumer that’s buying some of those products, any thoughts there would be great? Thanks.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Look, I think in recent times the elasticities on water have been stronger than they have on soft drinks and juice somewhere in there as well. And so clearly consumers are being differentiating by category and brand strength and whether the brand or the category has earned the right to do the pricing even if the pricing is largely cost-driven. So, that definitely has been a feature of recent quarters.
As we look out, as I said, we see pricing moderating, which means in the context of markets like the US or Europe is a reduction in the level of cycle price increases. We may as we go forward see slightly more promotions as we look for those consumers that are under pressure to offer them slightly better affordability options, but we’ll be balancing that with investments in premiumization options whether that be categories or packaging.
And so, as I talked about in the answer on one of the other questions, we’re trying to work both ends of the spectrum here and I see the need to press harder on both ends as we have done over the last number of years and as we will do in the course of this year.
Operator
Our next question comes from Kevin Grundy from Jefferies. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Kevin Grundy — Jefferies — Analyst
Great. Thanks. Good morning, everyone. We covered a lot of ground. So, a couple of cleanups from me, probably both for John. Can you quantify the impacts from hyperinflationary pricing in the quarter from Turkey and Argentina? I’m not sure if that’s a number that you have at your fingertips. And then broadly investment levels, I think there will be a view in Staples broadly that its gross margin improves, it’ll lend itself to some degree of reinvestment. I just want to get your thoughts on where the organization is now in terms of its satisfaction with overall investment levels. I think pre-pandemic we were sort of at a high-end 12% industry dipped collectively for all the reasons that we know. If I’m not mistaken, you guys are around 8.5% of sales. Where do you see that going? And then maybe just some broader thoughts on adequacy and how you see this progressing as the cost environment lends itself to a greater degree of reinvestment? Thank you.
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Kevin. First question on the hyperinflationary, but just a little under 2 points in Q1. I don’t have the mirror for the crystal ball for the rest of the year, but you can build that into your assumptions for the rest of the year.
Regarding investment levels, we’ve been, I think, very consistent over the last three or four years and been clear that we will invest as we need to support the portfolio. And on a quarter-to-quarter basis, there are ups and downs on that. We did some really good work in ’21-’22 to be able to do more with lesser to do more with the same. So, it’s not apples-to-apples in that sense, I think, we’re getting more value today per dollar of investments than we have ever done before. And so, when I take that into account, plus the absolute levels that we’re investing, I think we are in good shape overall.
And I think our markets have what they need. And so, we continue to be very much of the mindset to have that as a top priority and where necessary and Q1 is a good example in some cases to invest ahead of the curve. So, all-in, feel good about the rate and the improving effectiveness of our overall spend.
Operator
Our next question comes from Chris Carey from Wells Fargo Securities. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Chris Carey — Wells Fargo Securities — Analyst
Hi, everyone. Yeah, just a couple of clean-ups from me as well. Just, John, on a total inflation basis, did you see commodities get a little bit worse through the quarter, and perhaps can you comment on total inflation including freight? So, just trying to frame the commodity inflation versus total inflation? And then from a cash flow standpoint, would you expect free cash flow to be positive in Q2? And any way that you would just discuss the front-half versus back-half delivery in the context of your full-year free cash flow guidance? Thanks.
John Murphy — President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, our commodities portfolio, so to speak, it’s going to — it’s a mixed bag in there. On the one hand, we’re seeing some moderation in the number of commodities, metals, lumber, for example, we’re seeing moderation on ocean and freight in general. But offsetting that for us, we’re — we have a pretty meaningful increase in sweeteners and in juices. So that’s one consideration.
The second consideration is, we continue to hedge in 2023 and we feel good about the hedges we’re putting into place, but they are cycling a set of hedges in 2022 that were more favorable. So, I think it’s important to keep that in mind.
And then, thirdly, as we go into the rest of the year, as we’ve alluded to in some of the other questions, we do see some further moderation on the overall cost front. But we do have as a net of all of that continued view that we’ll have a mid-single-digit increase for the year 2023.
And on free cash flow, yeah, the first — as we said, the first quarter we had a couple of discrete items in there that we had highlighted in February. And we’ve also had a couple of timing items, working capital related that has affected the net results for the quarter.
Keep in mind that in the second quarter, we will have the transition tax payments going out. And so, for this year, I would expect free cash flow, as a result of what’s happened in Q1 and what I expect in Q2, to be back weighted towards the second half of the year.
Operator
Our next question comes from Carlos Laboy from HSBC. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Carlos Laboy — HSBC — Analyst
Yes. Thank you. Good morning, everyone. To expand on Steve’s earlier question, in the emerging markets refillable, they drive affordability, but it seems they also help you to increase premium pricing for one ways and create premium growth. So my question is, where in emerging markets might you see big opportunities or new opportunities to drive affordability gains in revenue management?
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Carlos, thanks. Definitely agree with you on the central idea that if you have a good anchor in affordability options, it allows the portfolio to stretch along the price spectrum with other packaging options and thereby both satisfy more consumers and drive a more, a better high competitive advantage, and a more profitable business overall.
Obviously, the refillables infrastructure takes time to build, not just from a, kind of a manufacturing distribution point of view, but from a retail and consumer habit point of view, but there’s still plenty of opportunity in Latin America, which is obviously one of the big, big bases. It’s still a feature of the German market. How far that then becomes a feature of other markets is going to be developed over time. We’ve certainly got some activity in Africa and India. But it doesn’t, as you know, it doesn’t change rapidly overnight. But there’s definitely big opportunities to use all the thinking behind RGM and all the new and latest technologies to provide packaging options that give price points across as broad a range as possible.
Operator
Our last question will come from Charlie Higgs from Redburn. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Charlie Higgs — Redburn — Analyst
Yes. Good morning, everyone. Thanks for the question. Just a final one on innovation, please. And I think you’ve relaunched Sprite Zero in the quarter and also Paris. Is there any initial feedback you could give on those brands that’d be very useful. And then also just any thoughts on Coke Zero, which, again, it grew volumes 8% of a comp of 14%. I guess, just how much further do you think that brand specifically has to go? Thank you.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. I mean, Coke Zero, the reformulations on Sprite Zero and Powerade are specific to a number of markets. So, it’s not a big call out. They’re part of an ongoing program to make sure that we have the best tasting, most effective recipes in any particular market. So, see, those as examples of continuing to innovate to stay on the cutting edge of the formula, whether that’s taste, an enjoyment or delivery on a functional feature in a category like the sports category.
And as it relates to Coke Zero, we now have many, many years of very strong volume growth behind Coke Zero. I think, there’s huge and massive ongoing runway for Coke Zero to continue to grow.
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the call back over to James Quincey for any closing remarks.
James Quincey — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
So, just to summarize, year is off to a great start. We continue to win in the marketplace. While it’s still early in the year and the macroenvironment range is uncertain, we’re confident in our plans and our ability to leverage our capabilities to adapt to consumer needs and drive top-line-led growth and we have visibility to deliver on our 2023 guidance. We’re focused on the sizable opportunity ahead of us and are managing the near-term uncertainties to build a Coke system for long-term. Thank you for your interest, your investment in our Company, and for joining us this morning. Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]