Wells Fargo & Company (WFC) Q1 2022 Earnings Call Transcript

Wells Fargo & Company  (NYSE: WFC) Q1 2022 earnings call dated Apr. 14, 2022

Corporate Participants:

John M. Campbell — Director of Investor Relations

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Analysts:

Scott Siefers — Piper Sandler — Analyst

Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst

John Pancari — Evercore ISI — Analyst

Ken Usdin — Jefferies — Analyst

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Matt O’Connor — Deutsche Bank — Analyst

Erika Najarian — UBS — Analyst

Charles Peabody — Portales Partners — Analyst

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Presentation:

Operator

Welcome, and thank you for joining the Wells Fargo First Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] After the speakers’ remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions]

I would now like to turn the call over to John Campbell, Director of Investor Relations. Sir, you may begin the conference.

John M. Campbell — Director of Investor Relations

Thanks, Brad. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining our call today, where our CEO, Charlie Scharf; and our CFO, Mike Santomassimo, will discuss first quarter results and answer your questions. This call is being recorded. Before we get started, I would like to remind you that our first quarter earnings materials, including the release, financial supplement and presentation deck are available on our website at wellsfargo.com. I’d also like to caution you that we may make forward-looking statements during today’s call that are subject to risks and uncertainties.

Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from expectations are detailed in our SEC filings, including the Form 8-K filed today containing our earnings materials. Information about any non-GAAP financial measures referenced, including a reconciliation of those measures to GAAP measures can also be found in our SEC filings and the earnings materials available on our website.

I will now turn the call over to Charlie.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Thanks, John, and good morning, everyone. I’ll make some brief comments about our first quarter results, the operating environment and update you on our priorities. I’ll then turn the call over to Mike to review the first quarter results in more detail before we take your questions.

Let me start off with some first quarter highlights. We earned $3.7 billion or $0.88 per common share in the first quarter. Our results included $0.21 per share impact from a decrease in the allowance for credit losses. We have broad-based loan growth with both our consumer and commercial portfolios growing from the fourth quarter. While net interest income was down modestly from the fourth quarter, driven by fewer days in the quarter, it grew 5% from a year ago. Higher interest rates, along with our expectations for continued loan growth should drive higher net interest income growth that we anticipated at the beginning of the year. Mike will provide more details regarding our current view later on in the call.

However, the increase in rates negatively impacted our mortgage banking business. The mortgage origination market experienced one of its largest quarterly declines that I can remember and it will take time for the industry to reduce excess capacity. Credit performance remained incredibly strong, and our net charge-off ratio declined to 14 basis points. While we have minimal direct exposure to Russia or Ukraine, we’re monitoring certain industries that have the potential to be impacted by the conflict and economic sanctions, but thus far don’t have concerns.

In addition, we returned a significant amount of capital to our shareholders in the first quarter, including repurchasing $6 billion of common stock and increasing our common stock dividend to $0.25 per share. The significant changes we’ve made across the Company have put us in a position to increase the dividend and our work continues. The health of our consumer and businesses so far has remained strong though we’re entering a period of uncertainty. March was the eighth straight month in which inflation outpaced income with lower income consumers being most impacted by rising energy and food prices.

That said, higher deposit balances and rising wages have thus far allowed consumers to weather these headwinds. We continued to see median deposit balances above pre-pandemic levels, up approximately 25% compared to 2020, but down from the highs observed in 2021. Consumer credit card spend remained strong, up 33% from a year ago. All spending categories were up with the highest growth in travel, entertainment, fuel and dining. After strong growth in the first quarter of 2021 driven by stimulus payments, debit card spending increased 6% in the first quarter of 2022. Discretionary spending remained strong with entertainment up 39% and travel up 29% from a year ago. The increase in energy prices was reflected in a 27% increase in fuel spending.

Loan demand from our commercial customers increased with growth in both commitments and loans outstanding as customers’ borrowing needs are increasing to fund working capital expansion. Credit quality remained strong with net recoveries in our commercial portfolio. Now let me update you on progress we’ve made on our strategic priorities. Building an appropriate risk and control infrastructure remains our top priority, and I continue to believe that we’re making significant progress. Early in the first quarter, we named Derek Flowers, our new Chief Risk Officer, following Mandy Norton’s retirement announcement.

Derek has extensive experience managing risk, including the work he’s done over the last several years of managing the build-out of Wells Fargo’s risk and control framework. Derek has been with Wells Fargo for over 20 years and his familiarity with the Company and its risk background make him the ideal candidate to succeed Mandy, who I’d like to thank for the tremendous progress she made in transforming the risk organization. We also continue to make progress in resolving legacy regulatory issues with news in January that the OCC had terminated a consent order regarding add-on products that the Company sold to retail banking customers before 2015.

We have much more work to do to satisfy our regulatory requirements, and we will likely have setbacks, but I’m confident in our ability to continue to close the remaining gaps over the next several years. We remain focused on improving our financial performance while investing to drive growth across our businesses. Providing our customers with simple, easy to use and fast digital experiences is one of our most important strategic priorities. In the first quarter, we began rolling out our new mobile banking experience for our customers in our consumer businesses and feedback has been very positive. Digital adoption, which is critical to both delivering seamless digital experiences that our customers expect and reducing the cost to serve has continued to increase with mobile active customers up 4% from a year ago. We added approximately 500,000 new mobile active customers in the first quarter alone. We continue to invest to improve our digital capabilities with additional enhancements planned for this year. We’re also focused on reducing friction and moving money. We’ve continued to invest in Zelle and made changes to expand customer usage, including increasing sending limits. These changes have helped to drive 21% growth in active send customers and a 33% increase in send volume from a year ago.

We continued to enhance our credit card offerings with our partnership with Bilt Rewards and Mastercard. This first of its kind co-brand card allows members to pay rent and earn points with no transaction fees on rent payments at any apartment in the U.S. In the first quarter, we selected nCino to streamline our origination, underwriting and portfolio management for our small business customers. This collaboration is expected to provide our customers with a more streamlined lending experience and builds on our existing relationship that we announced last year to accelerate our digital transformation within our Commercial Banking and Corporate Investment Banking businesses.

Let me just make some summary comments before I turn it over to Mike. As we sit here today, our internal indicators continue to point towards the strength of our customers’ financial position, but the Federal Reserve has made it clear that it will take actions necessary to reduce inflation and this will certainly reduce economic growth. In addition, the war in Ukraine adds additional risks to the downside. Wells Fargo is positioned well to provide support for our clients in a slowing economy. While we will likely see an increase in credit losses from historical lows, we should be a net beneficiary as we will also benefit from rising rates, we have a strong capital position and our lower expense base creates greater margins from which to invest. We remain diligent in extending credit and are focusing on managing the other risk types within the Company as well. We remain on target to achieve a sustainable 10% ROTCE subject to the same assumptions we’ve discussed in the past on a run rate basis at some point this year.

We continue to focus on a broad set of stakeholders in our decisions and actions. As we have all seen, the reports and images coming out of Ukraine are deeply concerning. In order to support those most impacted, we announced $1 million in donations across three non-profits in support of humanitarian aid for Ukraine and Ukrainian refugees, as well as services that support the U.S. military. Earlier this week, we also announced plans to introduce HOPE Inside centers in select branches to increase access to financial education and guidance.

Working with Operation HOPE is one important way that we can remove barriers to financial inclusion as part of our Banking Inclusion Initiative, which is focused on helping more people who are unbanked gain access to affordable mainstream banking products. Since the pandemic began, close to 100,000 of our employees never left the workplace. And last month, we started to welcome the rest back to the office. It’s been great to be back together again, and I want to thank all of our employees as they work together to better serve our customers, our communities and each other.

I will now turn the call over to Mike.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Charlie, and good morning, everyone. Net income for the quarter was $3.7 billion or $0.88 per common share, and our results included a $1.1 billion decrease in the allowance for credit losses, predominantly due to reduced uncertainty around the economic impact of COVID on our loan portfolios. Our effective income tax rate in the first quarter was approximately 16%, which included net discrete income tax benefits due to stock-based compensation. We expect our effective income tax rate for the full-year to be approximately 18%, excluding any additional discrete items. Our CET1 ratio declined to 10.5%, still well above our regulatory minimum of 9.1%.

We highlight capital on Slide 3. The decrease in our CET1 ratio from the fourth quarter reflected a $5.1 billion reduction in cumulative other comprehensive income, driven by high interest rate — higher interest rates and wider agency MBS spreads, which reduced the ratio by approximately 40 basis points. Higher risk-weighted assets driven by growth in loan balances and commitments, we adopted the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk, which had a minimal impact on total risk-weighted assets and we continued with our strong capital returns. We repurchased $6 billion of common stock in the first quarter, bringing our total repurchases since the third quarter of 2021 to $18.3 billion, which is in line with our 2021 capital plan.

While we have flexibility under the stress capital buffer framework to exceed the share repurchases contemplated in our capital plan, we will be disciplined in our approach, given the current rate volatility and currently expect to have significantly lower levels of share buybacks in the second quarter. Finally, we’ve submitted our 2022 capital plan, and as I’ve called out before, it’s possible that our stress capital buffer could increase when the Federal Reserve publishes our official stress capital buffer in the third quarter, while our G-SIB surcharge of 1.5% will remain the same for 2023.

Turning to credit quality on Slide 5. Our net loan charge-off ratio declined to 14 basis points in the first quarter. Commercial credit performance was strong again with $29 million of net recoveries in the first quarter driven by recoveries in Energy, Asset-Based Lending and Middle Market. Consumer credit performance was also strong. Credit losses were down $59 million from the fourth quarter, which included $152 million of net charge-offs related to a change in practice to fully charge off certain delinquent legacy residential mortgage loans.

The first quarter included higher auto losses and seasonally higher credit card losses. Non-performing assets decreased $323 million or 4% from the fourth quarter. Commercial non-accruals were down $423 million, declining again this quarter and are now below pre-pandemic levels. Consumer non-accruals increased $82 million driven by an increase in residential mortgage non-accruals and primarily resulting from certain customers exiting COVID-related accommodation programs. Overall, early performance of loans that have exited forbearance have exceeded our expectations. Our allowance for credit losses at the end of the first quarter reflected continued strong credit performance, less uncertainty around the economic impact of COVID, the economic recovery thus far and an outlook that reflects the increasing risks from high inflation in the Russian-Ukraine conflict.

On Slide 6, we highlight loans and deposits. Average loans grew 3% from a year ago in the fourth quarter. Period-end loans grew for the third consecutive quarter and were up 6% from a year ago, with growth in both our commercial and consumer portfolios. I’ll highlight the specific growth drivers when discussing business segment results. Average deposits increased $70.6 billion or 5% from a year ago, with growth in our consumer businesses and Commercial Banking, partially offset by continued declines in Corporate and Investment Banking and Corporate Treasury reflecting targeted actions to manage under the asset cap.

Turning to net interest income on Slide 7. First quarter net interest income increased $413 million or 5% from a year ago and declined $41 million from the fourth quarter. The decline from the fourth quarter was driven by $178 million of lower income from EPBO and Paycheck Protection Program loans, as well as two fewer days in the quarter, which offset the impact of higher earning asset yields and higher securities and loan balances. Last quarter, we highlighted that net interest income for full-year 2022 could potentially increase by approximately 8% driven by loan growth and other balance sheet mix changes, as well as the benefit from rising rates, which was based on the forward curve at that time.

Obviously, a lot has changed over the past three months. Loan growth has been solid and average loan balances were up 3% versus the fourth quarter and 2% at period end. If we continue to see increased demand, it’s possible that average loan balances will be up in the mid single-digits from the fourth quarter 2021 to fourth quarter 2022, up from our prior outlook earlier this year of low to mid single-digits. The rate increase is currently included in the forward rate curve would also drive stronger net interest income growth than we anticipated earlier in the year.

However, it’s important to note that the benefit from rising rates is not linear, and we would expect deposit betas to accelerate after the initial rate hikes and customer migration from lower-yielding to higher-yielding deposit products would also likely increase. Higher rates will also have a negative impact on mortgage volumes and potentially on market-related fees in Corporate and Investment Banking, private equity and venture capital businesses and in wealth management. Given our current expectations for higher loan growth and recent forward rate curves, net interest income for full-year 2022 could be up mid-teens on a percentage basis from 2021. That said, net interest income growth will ultimately be driven by a variety of factors, including the magnitude and timing of Fed rate increases, deposit betas and loan growth.

Now turning to expenses on Slide 8. Non-interest expense declined 1% from a year ago. We continue to make progress on our efficiency initiatives and expenses also declined due to divestitures last year. First quarter — the first quarter included approximately $600 million of seasonally higher personnel expenses, including payroll taxes, restricted stock expense for retirement eligible employees and 401(k) matching contributions. We also had $673 million of operating losses, which were primarily driven by higher customer remediation expense predominantly for a variety of historical matters. Our full-year 2022 expenses are still expected to be approximately $51.5 billion. However, as we experienced this quarter, operating losses can be episodic and hard to predict, and we will continue to update you on our expense expectations throughout the year.

Turning to our operating segments, starting with Consumer Banking and Lending on Slide 9. Consumer and Small Business Banking revenue increased 11% from a year ago, primarily due to higher deposit balances, higher deposit-related fees, primarily reflecting lower fee waivers and an increase in debit card transactions. We continue to reduce the underlying cost to run the business and serve customers. Customers have continued to migrate to digital channels and correspondingly teller transactions are down 45% from pre-pandemic levels. Over the same period, we’ve decreased our number of branches by 12% and branch staffing by approximately 30%, and we have more opportunities to improve our efficiency while we continue to make enhancements to better serve customers.

Earlier this year, we announced changes we are making to help our customers avoid overdraft fees. We began to implement some of these new policies and we’ll be rolling out the rest of the changes this year. We eliminated fees for non-sufficient funds and overdraft protection transactions in early March. So these changes didn’t have a meaningful impact on the first quarter results, we still expect the annual decline in these fees to be approximately $700 million. However, as we highlighted last quarter, this is an annualized estimate and the reduction may be partially offset by higher levels of activity, and we will observe how our customers respond to the new features that will be introduced in the latter part of the year.

Home Lending revenue declined 33% from a year ago and 19% from the fourth quarter, driven by lower mortgage originations and press [Phonetic] margins, given the higher rate environment and competitive pricing in response to excess capacity in the industry. Mortgage rates increased 156 basis points in the first quarter and are above rate levels observed for the most of the last — for most of the last decade. Reflecting this environment, we expect second quarter originations and margins to remain under pressure and mortgage banking revenue to continue to decline. We’ve started to reduce expenses in response to the decline in volume and expect expenses will continue to decline throughout the year as excess capacity is removed and aligned to lower business activity. Credit card revenue was up 6% from a year ago, driven by higher loan balances and point-of-sale volumes. Auto revenue increased 10% and Personal Lending was up 2% from a year ago, primarily due to higher loan balances.

Turning to some key business drivers on Slide 10. Our mortgage originations declined 21% from the fourth quarter. We believe the mortgage market experienced its largest quarterly decline since 2003, primarily due to lower refinance activity in response to higher mortgage rates. Home Lending loan balances grew modestly from the fourth quarter, driven by the third consecutive quarter of growth in our non-conforming portfolio, which more than offset declines in loans purchased from securitization pools or EPBOs.

Turning to Auto. Origination volume increased 4% from a year ago, but was down 22% from fourth quarter due to credit tightening in higher risk segments and increased price competition as interest rates rose and we targeted solid returns for new originations. Turning to debit card. Transactions declined 7% from the fourth quarter due to seasonality and were up 3% from a year ago with double-digit growth in travel and entertainment. Credit card point-of-sale purchase volume continued to be strong, was up 33% from a year ago, but down 5% from the fourth quarter due to seasonality. While payment rates remain elevated, balances grew 14% from a year ago due to strong purchase volume and launch of — and the launch of new products. New credit card accounts increased over 80% from a year ago, and we continue to be pleased by the quality of the accounts we’re attracting.

Turning to Commercial Banking results on Slide 11. Middle Market Banking revenue increased 8% from a year ago, driven by higher deposit and loan balances, as well as the impact of higher interest rates. Asset-Based Lending and Leasing revenue increased 17% from a year ago, driven by higher loan balances, stronger net gains from equity securities and higher revenue from renewable energy investments. Non-interest expense declined 6% from a year ago, primarily driven by lower personnel and occupancy expense due to efficiency initiatives and lower lease expense.

After declining during the first half of last year, average loan balances have grown for three consecutive quarters and were up 6% from a year ago. Revolver utilization rates have increased, but are still well below historical levels. Loan demand has been driven by larger clients who are increasing borrowing due to the impact of inflation on material and transportation costs, as well as to support inventory growth. We’re also seeing new demand from some clients who are catching up from underinvestment in projects and capital expenditures over the past couple of years.

Turning to Corporate and Investment Banking on Slide 12. Banking revenue increased 4% from a year ago, primarily driven by higher loan balances and improved treasury management results. Average loan balances were up 18% from a year ago with increased demand across most industries driven primarily by capital expenditures and growing working capital needs. Commercial Real Estate revenue grew 9% from a year ago, driven by the higher loan balances and higher revenue in our low-income housing business. Average loan balances were up 17% from a year ago, and originations in the first quarter outpaced volumes from a year ago and loan pipelines continue to be strong. Market revenues — Markets revenue was down 18% from a year ago, primarily due to lower trading activity in residential mortgage-backed securities and high-yield products. Average deposits in Corporate Investment Banking were down $25.3 billion or 13% from a year ago, driven by continued actions to manage into the asset cap.

On Slide 13, Wealth and Investment Management revenue grew 6% from a year ago, driven by higher asset-based fees on higher market valuations and higher net interest income from the impact of higher interest rates, as well as higher deposit and loan balances. As a reminder, the majority of WIM Advisory Assets are priced at the beginning of the quarter. So first quarter results reflected market valuations as of Jan 1st, and second quarter results will reflect the lower market valuations as of April 1st. The 5% increase in expenses from a year ago was primarily driven by higher revenue-related compensation, which was more than offset by higher revenue. Average deposits were up 7% from a year ago and average loans increased 5% from a year ago, driven by continued momentum in securities-based lending.

Slide 14 highlights our Corporate results, both revenue and expenses declined from a year ago, driven by the sale of our student loan portfolio and divestitures of our Corporate Trust Services business and Wells Fargo Asset Management. These businesses contributed $791 million of revenue in the first quarter of 2021, including the gain on sale of our student loan portfolio and they accounted for approximately $400 million of the decline in expenses compared with a year ago, including the goodwill write-down on the sale of our student loan portfolio.

We will now take your questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

At this time, we will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Scott Siefers of Piper Sandler. You may go ahead.

Scott Siefers — Piper Sandler — Analyst

Good morning, guys. Thank you for taking the question. Mike, I appreciate the commentary on reiterating the expense guidance for the full-year. I was just hoping, given sort of the lumpiness between the seasonality and the comp expenses and then some of the operating losses, if you could maybe give a little bit more of a fine point on the trajectory, in other words, how much could we or should we expect things to come down in the second quarter? And then is it going to be just a progressive decline through the end of the year or how will things ebb and flow in your mind?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, great. Thanks, Scott. As I said in the remarks, we had about $600 million of seasonal expenses in there related to 401(k) and stock comp and all the associated stuff in the first quarter. So that starts to fall away. And then obviously, the other piece in there that I mentioned was operating losses, and that can be a little lumpy as you go throughout the year. But when you sort of take a step back, as you saw last year as well, as we execute our efficiency initiatives, you generally don’t get all those benefits starting day 1. And so you’ll continue to get more and more impact throughout the year. So you should expect the expense trajectory to be down as we go throughout the year.

Now every quarter may not be down in a linear way, but nonetheless, you’ll see a trend downward. And just to reinforce what we said in the remarks, we did — we’re still — we still believe the $51.5 billion for the full-year is achievable despite the fact that we had the higher operating losses in the quarter. And then I’ll just reiterate the other piece of guidance we gave on NII. We do think — as we said in January, we thought operate — NII would be up about 8%. So we’re almost doubling that to kind of the mid-teens as we look throughout the year, both given due to the loan growth we’ve seen and as well as the substantial move in rates.

Scott Siefers — Piper Sandler — Analyst

Perfect. Thank you. And then just maybe to follow up, I think you guys talked in the past about an expectation for expenses to decline next year as well. Just given how lasting some of these inflationary pressures seem to be, do you see any risk to that outlook of another down-year in costs next year?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Hey, it’s Charlie. I would say a couple of things. I think it’s still the way we think about the way we want to plan for the year, for sure, as we sit here today. On inflationary pressures, I would say, and it’s still early and still thinking things will still continue to evolve, but our own experience here is that the wage pressures that we’ve seen today are not as great as they were in the fourth quarter of last year. So they still exist, but they do seem to be slowing. And obviously, the Fed is going to, as I said, going to do everything they can to bring that down. And so as we sit here today, by the time we get to the year — next year, I think we’ll be in a very, very different position relative to where inflation is. And so we’re still very focused on — I used the word efficiency, but we’re really focused on running the place better, and that’s what these expense reductions actually result in.

Scott Siefers — Piper Sandler — Analyst

Perfect. All right, thank you guys very much.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Sure.

Operator

The next question comes from Steven Chubak of Wolfe Research. Your line is open, sir.

Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst

Hi, good morning. So wanted to just start off with a question on NII and excess liquidity deployment. Specifically, I was hoping you could speak to your appetite to deploy some of the excess liquidity that you guys still retain. And where reinvestment yields are currently just given spread widening in MBS in particular? And what securities you might look to purchase given some of the sensitivities on the duration side?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Thanks, Steve. It’s Mike. Look, first, when it comes to deploying liquidity, it’s going to be loans first, right, so if you think about the waterfall. And as we see more loan growth, that’s where it’s going to go first, then obviously, that’s the preferred path anyway. And then based on what we see there, we will decide if we’re going to grow the securities portfolio throughout the year. I would say our — the guidance we gave for NII does not assume that we grow the — the portfolio in any substantial way. And so that will — we’ll have to see how that goes based on what we see from a loan growth perspective. And then you can see where yields are across both treasuries and MBS, which are the two primary asset classes we have in the portfolio. And I think, obviously, we’re now investing at higher rates than we’ve seen certainly in a while and that’s additive as we go forward.

Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst

All right. And just one follow-up relating to deposit beta specifically, certainly a big area of focus given the more aggressive pace of Fed tightening as well as QT. I was hoping you can just speak to your relative stickiness of your deposit base versus last cycle given the liability optimization, you guys have been executing under the asset cap for a number of years now. And is there a credible case in your view that deposit betas could in fact be lower this cycle just given some of that favorable deposit remixing?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, no, I think you — you highlighted the right point. As you look at what we’ve had to do over the last couple of years to manage on the asset cap, we’ve really pushed away some of our most interest rate-sensitive deposits during that time. And so we’ve seen the least rate-sensitive deposits on the retail side and consumer side grow as a percentage of the overall deposit base. And so that’s definitely going to help lower the average betas that we’ll see relative to what we saw in the last cycle. I think our expectations as you sort of think about the different slices of the deposit base haven’t really changed much over the last couple of months.

I think as we look at the first 100 basis points, we don’t think deposit rates are going to move that much, which is pretty similar to what we saw last go around. And then I think on the consumer side, you’ll have slower betas and you’ll have higher betas on the wholesale side. But likely, given our position, we’ll lag a little bit on pricing given the asset cap and what we’ve got to do to continue to manage that.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

And this is Charlie. And the only thing I would add is that I think a lot of also has to — also depends on what the other alternatives for folks are out there certainly on the consumer side. And when you look at the environment that we’re heading into and the volatility that we’ll see, I just — I think that is — that’s a very different kind of environment than if you’re in a very stable market and rates are just moving up relatively slowly. So I think it is different in that respect as well.

Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst

All right, that’s great. If I could just squeeze in one more quick one. Would just be remiss if I didn’t ask about — given some of the fee income commentary that you guys have highlighted, particularly some of the headwinds on both mortgage, as well as wealth management, how we should be thinking about the right jumping off point for 2Q fee income, just given a lot of volatility in a few of those line items in the quarter?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah a couple — I’ll give you a couple of points there. So as you think about the advisory assets, if you look at what’s happened in both the fixed income and equity markets in terms of the valuation at the 3/31 being down, I think roughly 5% or 6% is probably not a bad place to start the modeling on advisory assets, given the fact that a large chunk of them are built in advance based on that value. On the mortgage business, we will see a step down given the pretty abrupt slowdown in the refinance market, in particular.

We still expect to have decent volumes in the purchase market, but spreads will definitely or gain on sale margins will definitely be impacted given there’s still a lot of excess capacity in the system. Now I would just keep that in context of the backdrop that we laid out in terms of the growth in NII as you look through the rest of the year. So even if you start to see a little bit of pressure on those line items, the growth in NII will position us pretty well throughout the rest of the year.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah, and this is Charlie. And the only thing [Phonetic] I would just add to that, I think when you think about how we are — and I kind of said this in the quote and in my remarks, the way we’re positioned going into an environment like this is we feel very positive about where we stand. And mortgage banking income is going to decline because rates are going up, and we’re going to make much more on the increase in rates than we will on the decline in mortgage banking income.

We’re continuing to focus on reducing expenses. Credit is still exceptionally good and certainly will be into the next quarter based on everything that we see and possibly beyond, even though at one point, they will go up. And so while we’re not sure what the overall economic environment will look like, that doesn’t change our point of view on the fact that we’re well positioned for it.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Just a reminder, I said in my script, Steve, too, on the impact of the reduction in nonsufficient fund balance fees and some of the overdraft changes we made, you’ll start to see the impact of that in the second quarter as well.

Steven Chubak — Wolfe Research — Analyst

Got it. Thanks so much for taking my questions.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah.

Operator

The next question comes from John Pancari of Evercore ISI. Your line is open.

John Pancari — Evercore ISI — Analyst

Good morning. On the expense side, I appreciate you helping us out with the $51.5 billion in terms of the reiteration of the guide. On the operating loss side, how do you feel about that $1.3 billion expectation given the pressure on the number in the quarter? And then separately, I guess, also on the cost savings, I wanted to see how you’re feeling about the $3.3 billion in gross saves and $1.6 billion net, any changes to that expectation? Thanks.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

So I’ll just — I’ll take the first part, Mike, and maybe you take the second. On the first one, the things that we saw in the first quarter are very specific to remediations. And so what we saw in the first quarter really has nothing to do with what we’ll see in the next series of quarters. And so those kind of stand on their own and it’s not something that gets built on from there.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. And as you look at the efficiency, and I think hopefully, this was implied in what we — the guidance we gave, but we’re executing well on the efficiency program that we’ve got. And as I said a number of times over the last couple of quarters, it’s not a — it’s not a static program like this is something that we’re embedding in the DNA of how we run the place and it continues to evolve, and we feel good about executing on that.

John Pancari — Evercore ISI — Analyst

Okay. And then on the capital side, I know the CET1 decline of 90 basis points this quarter. You also mentioned the SCB surcharge could increase. You did flag the lower levels of buyback expected for the second quarter. Maybe can you talk about your thoughts on capital return beyond the second quarter, just given how things are shaping up and your earnings outlook? I just wonder [Phonetic] you have updated [Phonetic] thoughts there? Thanks.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah, I’ll start, Mike, and then you can chime in. I think what we’re just trying to do is just — it’s — we do have the reality of the impact on OCI during the quarter, and so you see where CET1 is. Our quarter — our dividend is about $1 billion [Phonetic] a quarter [Phonetic] or so. So we do have plenty of room inside there for any other further changes to OCI or the ability for us to grow RWA, which we want to do as loan growth continues to show the demand that we’re seeing. And so I think just where we are specifically in the second quarter will depend on where rates come out. And then beyond that, we’ll still — obviously, we’re going through CCAR, but we still should have capacity to figure out what we want to do with the excess capital that the Company generates.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. And as earnings capacity grows, as NII grows and we go through the year and we execute on our efficiency program, there’s — and we’re still operating under the asset cap, you — there’s, I think you’ll see us be prudent, but we’ve got plenty of flexibility as we look through the rest of the year.

John Pancari — Evercore ISI — Analyst

Okay, great. Thanks for taking my questions.

Operator

The next question comes from Ken Usdin of Jefferies. Your line is open, sir.

Ken Usdin — Jefferies — Analyst

Great, thanks. Good morning. Hey, just a couple of follow-ups on the cost side. So, Mike, the business sales from last year and kind of the stranded costs and the transition agreements, can you walk us through again how much of that was in the first quarter? And then how does that kind of decline, and is that also built into your full-year expectation for the cost numbers?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So what we said, Ken, as you look at the first quarter, is about $400 million of expenses fell away in the quarter as the business exited. And the remainder — and so about $300 million of that was from the ongoing run rate of the businesses, about $100 million was a charge we took last year for the student loan business. But — and the remainder falls either under the TSAs, which are in place today and likely run most of the year, if not into early next year, but remember, there’s revenue on the other side of that, and then you have the stranded costs. So the numbers we laid out at the end of the fourth quarter last year are — haven’t changed. And as the TSA — as the TSAs roll off, we’ll do our best to highlight that if it’s meaningful, and then we’re going to continue to work on the stranded costs and get them out, but that will take a little bit of time as we said last quarter.

Ken Usdin — Jefferies — Analyst

Right, okay. And then just two little things on net interest income. You did mention that you had the EPBO sales this quarter, and I think related lower net interest income plus you did show the decline in premium am. I’m wondering if you can just help us understand how much the EPBO sales took out of NII? And are you still expecting those to go out through the year? And then how do you expect premium am to trend from here? Thanks, Mike.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. And the combo of PPP loans and EPBOs came down sequentially or linked quarter about $178 million, and that was the impact on revenue there on NII. And so — and we’ll reiterate that in the Q when it comes out. As you look at premium am or for mortgage-backed, you can look at the slide for reference when you have time. I know it’s a busy day today, but it came down roughly a little over $100 million, $110 million, $15 [Phonetic] million decline in the quarter. And that will continue to decline as prepay slow throughout the year. So it’s come down quite a bit since where we were last year.

Ken Usdin — Jefferies — Analyst

Okay, thanks, Mike.

Operator

Thank you. The next question comes from John McDonald of Autonomous Research. Your line is open.

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Yeah, hi, Mike. Just on the fee income front, you made a couple of comments already about the core fee lines. What about some of the more volatile lines on the capital markets side? I think the venture capital came in a little bit better than expected in a tough market this quarter. What should we be thinking about in terms of investment banking, trading and maybe the Norwest Venture line?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. As you know, predicting investment banking fees and market fees is a — is fraught with lots of issues. But I think, look, the — it’s clear that on the investment banking side, some of the capital markets, particularly on the equity side has slowed quite a bit this year given some of the volatility we’ve seen. Our pipeline really hasn’t changed much. It’s still pretty strong for where we stand coming into the quarter. And so some of that realization of that pipeline is just somewhat market-dependent and dependent on some deals, timing of some of the deals closing. So we’ll see.

The market — market revenue — Markets revenue is somewhat dependent on the volatility that we see and the demand we see. And so I think as others have gone through this, we’ll — we will benefit from some of that as we go through it, but that’s hard to predict exactly where we’ll end up. And then on Norwest Venture, if you go back a number of years and you look at there’s some number — there’s some like stability to that line when you look at over the last three, four — three, four years. I think when you look at some of what happened this quarter, we did have a bunch of realized, like business being sold or going public in one or two cases of some of the investments.

And so that was really good to see that, that’s still continuing despite some of the market volatility. And I think you — we’ll see how it goes. I think we won’t — it’s hard to imagine we’ll see some of the peaks that we saw last year in that revenue line item. But I do expect we’ll continue to see some good performance across those businesses.

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Okay, thanks. And also on the NII, any comments you could make about your expectations for the cadence of the NII improvement throughout the year? And maybe a little bit of what you’re baking in on premium am? And maybe how much benefit you get from — on a spot basis, like a hike of 25 bps or 50 bps, just any framework there? Thanks.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, no. So a lot of it’s going to be dependent on how fast the Fed moves. And as you know is when the Fed moves, the impact of that is immediate, you start realizing that the day after. And so obviously, those expectations there have changed quite a bit. So that will be the case. I think in the Q, we give you the shock numbers on 100 basis point moves. And those are pretty close to what you should expect for the first few rate rises in terms of the impact, and again, it’s pretty immediate for most of us.

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

And the premium am, Mike, you assume that, that comes down throughout the year?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. It has to, yeah, I mean, absolutely. It will continue to come down as we see rates go up and prepay slow, sorry about that. But yeah, I think you’ll start to see that come down. Will it — I think it will be — it’s a little bit dependent upon again how things progress, but it’s not unreasonable to think as we look at the next quarter that it’s somewhere in the ballpark of what we saw from on a linked quarter basis this quarter.

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Got it. I guess I was wondering, did you improve the assumptions for that? Is that part of the NII upgrade or is that more just rates kind of…

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah.

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Okay.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, that’s baked in — that’s baked into the increase in NII that we gave, John.

John McDonald — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Okay, thank you.

Operator

The next question comes from Ebrahim Poonawala of Bank of America. Your line is open.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Good morning. I guess first question, Charlie, you’ve in the past talked about the 15% ROTCE as needing the asset capital lift and some level of higher rates. We’re getting a lot more in terms of higher rates than we expected six months ago. Just doing rough math in terms of how you’ve talked about expense outlook mid-teens NII growth. Do you think it’s conceivable that we hit 15% ROTCE at some point over the next four to six quarters even without the asset cap being lifted?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

I don’t want to talk about a timeframe yet because I think what we’ve consistently said and will stick to that is, is we’ll get to 10%, and then we’ll talk a little bit more about the 15% and try and hone a little bit more on timing. But I do think it is fair to assume that the rate rises that we’re seeing are more than we would have thought was necessary to get to 15%. But — so I think the question of the asset cap not still being with us, I think that’s just — that is the reality. And so it’s quite possible that the rate rises will be more of a benefit than we would have hoped in terms of offsetting that. But I just can’t — I think we should just wait until we get to 10%. But certainly, these rate rises that we’re seeing and the asset sensitivity that we have are certainly a meaningful positive for us and more than we would have expected.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Appreciate that response. And just one quick question on credit, Mike. When we think about another quarter of sizable reserve release, we’ve seen one of your peers yesterday, Bilt Rewards [Phonetic] talking about just putting a higher weight on a stress case scenario. Give us a sense in terms of your outlook for the economy and how that leads to loan losses where they are today versus I think your day 1 CECL was about 95 basis points, just any thought process around how you’re thinking through that would be helpful?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah, this is Charlie. I’ll take a stab at it first. I think it’s — I think understanding what’s in our CECL assumptions is something which is important, as hard as it is to predict. It does give you a sense for how we’re thinking about things and how our loan book and other items play out in that reserving calculation. But it is very hard to compare across companies because we have different scenarios. We put different probabilities on different things. And the way the conservatism in models is different across companies. I think what we’ve seen consistently in our reserving levels as we’ve been on the more conservative side relative to others, that might just be a view of a more conservative set of assumptions or something which is embedded in our models or the way we think about just the potential impacts of COVID and now the potential impacts of a slowing economy.

So I would say, overall, I don’t — sitting here today, if you were to look at our — the way we look at the assumptions that go into it, I think we were already assuming a reasonable percentage of probability on the downsides, and so that hasn’t changed. But we feel better about some of the assumptions we made relative to COVID, and we’ve added some assumptions relative to inflation. So I think net-net-net, that’s what drives the reduction in terms of where we are. And I still think we’re — we feel very comfortable and hopefully are at the more conservative end of what can come out of a CECL calculation.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

That’s helpful. And should we then still assume that the reserves probably track lower over the next few quarters at least absent a big change in the macro?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah. I think it’s all dependent on macro at this point.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Sure.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

CECL requires you to take a look at based upon what the — we’re — the full amount of the losses embedded in the portfolio relative to what you see is the macroeconomic outlook and the specific performance. So by outlook it’s — it gets better, reserves will come down, if it gets worse, it’ll go up, and if it stays the same, it will be along there.

Ebrahim Poonawala — Bank of America — Analyst

Got it. Thank you for taking my questions.

Operator

Thank you. The next question comes from Betsy Graseck of Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Hi, good morning.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Hi, Betsy.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

I had another semi technical question here. But on the NII outlook, I get your point that you should see improvement pretty near-term from the rate environment. I’m just thinking about what you put in your release for the yields on loans where at least this quarter, loan yields came down a bit. Now I know part of that’s probably day count, but we saw some declines in resi mortgage on first and second-lien and also on the Auto side. And I just wanted to get a sense — and also in C&I, right? So I just wanted to get a sense what was playing into that Q-on-Q? And then how quickly that could revert as we go through this year?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Hey, Betsy, it’s Mike. I’ll try to take a shot at that. I think on the resi mortgage side, what you’re seeing is the impact of the EPBO loans, and so they’re coming — they impacted us coming down. So that creates a little bit of noise, I think there relative to the yield there. As you look at the — as the — you look at the rest of the — on the C&I book, the — I’m going to get the — directionally the percentage. But it’s, call it, two-thirds of C&I book in that neighborhood is floating rate, maybe plus or minus a little bit there. But the — but the — and so that starts to react pretty obviously direct pretty quickly to rates moving. And in any given quarter, you see a little bit of noise on that yield, but you’ll start to see that react as rates go up.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Okay. It’s not like it’s hedged out and that’s why we saw what we saw Q-Q [Phonetic]?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

No.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Okay. And then the other message I’m getting from you this morning is that this rate improvement you’re expecting to drop to the bottom- line, is that fair?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Well, I think we reiterated our expense guidance for the year and NII is going to be a lot better.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

What — just — Betsy, what’s in your question? I’m not sure I understand. We want to make sure we’re answering it properly.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Well, you’re getting — you’re getting an uptick in rates, and given the fact that your guidance on expenses is holding steady, it seems like you’re going to drop all that rate hike to the bottom-line?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Well, I mean, yes, we’re going to make more money on NII. We — Mike went through the specifics on how non-interest income will likely come down, but not — obviously not nearly as much as the benefit that we’ll get as you look out over NII. And charge-offs still will remain at low levels for the foreseeable future, even though those will go up at some point. And yes, expenses will continue to come down for us to meet that $51.5 billion number.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Right.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

So…

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Yeah. I mean it feels like it’s at least a mid-singles uptick on consensus EPS, that’s what it feels like to me at least. But I mean I know if you drop all the NII to the bottom-line, I get something closer to high-singles uptick on consensus EPS, but…

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

I’ll just make sure you look at — I mean, I try to lay out a little bit of what’s going to happen on non-interest income, I think charge-offs are at all-time lows, you see the delinquency numbers. So unless there’s something on the commercial side or the wholesale side that we’re not aware of, it’s — we feel — it’s one of — when we talk about how we feel, I think it’s — the economy is the economy. We are positioned well for this kind of environment. But we also think people should just make sure that they’re conscious of the movement in all the line items.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

And then on the customer remediation charge that you took this quarter, I guess that’s the other kind of question that I’ve been getting is it’s one-timey [Phonetic], but it feels like it’s happened a lot. So how much more is left?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

It’s really hard to answer, and I understand the frustration. And I would say, every quarter, we go through this, we say we want to make sure that we’ve got everything. But we are — we have to make sure that when we look at these remediations, they’re aligned with what makes sense for the customer and that we’ve captured all the portfolios. And some of our — some of these remediations required us to go back and recreate a scenario from 10, 15 years ago. And so that’s part of the complication that we see. And so we’re not going to say that there’s no more, but they’re very case-specific. And at some point, they will be behind us, but we have to do what we have to do. And at least in the big scheme of things relative to the benefits that we’ll see from things like NII, these aren’t overwhelming. And we understand the — how this fits into the guidance that we’ve given on full-year expenses.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Okay. Thank you.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Thanks.

Operator

The next question comes from Matt O’Connor of Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Matt O’Connor — Deutsche Bank — Analyst

Hi. I guess just following up on the regulatory line of questions, and as usual, I got to ask some questions that are tough to answer. But, look, you’ve acknowledged you’re making significant progress. The regulators have acknowledged you’re making significant progress. The fundamentals are clearly moving in the right direction in a meaningful way.

But in the prepared remarks, you still say you need to continue to close these gaps over the next several years? And I guess the question is, like is this just cautionary language or are there still things that you are implementing on kind of a daily and ongoing basis to address some of the legacy issues.?I guess I thought you had implemented kind of the fixes and it’s kind of the oversight and execution situation, but maybe you could just talk to that?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah. I don’t recall saying the words that you just used. I think we’ve been trying to be very clear that we have a lot of ongoing work to do that we feel very good about the frameworks that we have in place. But we are — as you — once you develop the framework, the implementation of the frameworks takes a significant amount of time. We continue to do that. And as we develop stronger controls inside the Company, we will potentially find things that then have to get fixed and remediated because this is many years of work that we’re doing at this point.

And as the regulators look at the amount of time that it takes to do it at the things that we find, as we put these controls in place and just some of these legacy things that continue to remain out there, I just think it’s prudent that we expect to have things, I think we say it’s possible or likely. But if there was something specific we would say, but I think it is — that’s just — that’s the reality of the situation that we’re on. And so it is — where we find ourselves is — and I’ll speak for ourselves, not the regulators, we are — have made significant progress from where we were when we got here, but there is still a significant amount of more work to do.

Matt O’Connor — Deutsche Bank — Analyst

Okay. And then just a follow-up on a different topic, and I apologize if I missed it. But you did talk about slowing buybacks in the second quarter, partly rates, partly loans, and obviously, you bought back a lot this quarter. Did you give the magnitude that you expect to buy back or remind us your targeted capital at least until the next CCAR comes out? Thank you.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah, Matt, I’ll take that. As we’ve said a few times in the past, we plan to run the CET1 ratio at somewhere between 100 basis points and 150 basis points over our reg minimum, which right now is 9.1%. And I think as we look forward, given the way the framework works is we’ll have plenty of flexibility to do what we think is prudent on buybacks as we go throughout the rest of the year.

Matt O’Connor — Deutsche Bank — Analyst

Okay, thank you.

Operator

Thank you. The next question comes from Erika Najarian of UBS. Your line is open.

Erika Najarian — UBS — Analyst

Hi, good morning. My questions have been asked and answered. Thank you.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Thank you. Thanks, Erika.

Operator

Thank you. The next question will come from Charles Peabody of Portales Partners. Your line is open.

Charles Peabody — Portales Partners — Analyst

Yeah. Most of my questions have been asked. But let me ask one question about how you manage your mortgage banking operation because you’re one of the few large banks that still has a relatively balanced origination and servicing sides. Historically, servicing was kind of viewed as a balance to origination, when originations didn’t do well, servicing would do well, but that hasn’t been the case recently in your recent history. And so can you talk about how you’re managing it and why there isn’t a balance to those two pieces?

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah, I’ll start. This is Charlie, Mike, and then you can pipe in. I think we think about our mortgage business in the context of the whole Company, not as a separate independent entity that has to stand by itself. And so when we think about the interest rate risk position of the entire Company, that’s where we think about what potentially happens on the production side versus what happens in the MSR. The management of the MSR is difficult. It’s got some very different types of risks embedded in it. And all you did was look at those two as offsets you could be kidding yourselves as to what the value of the servicing is. And so as I said, net-net-net, when we look at the position of the Company, I would look at the reduction of mortgage banking income not being offset by the MSR, but being offset by the rest of the benefit that will get as a Company NII.

Charles Peabody — Portales Partners — Analyst

And just as a follow-up, when you gave guidance about a material step down in mortgage banking in the second quarter, were you talking strictly on the origination side or as a whole entity?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

As a whole, think of the mortgage banking income line as what we’re referring to.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

And remember, included in there is the fact that the MSR is fairly well hedged. So it’s basically — it’s the whole, but it’s also what’s really driving it is…

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Origination.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Is origination.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah.

Operator

Thank you. Our final question for today will come from Gerard Cassidy of RBC Capital Markets. You may go ahead.

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Thank you. Good morning. Charlie and Mike, you both referenced in your comments about the excess capacity in mortgage banking and you’re anticipating or waiting for some of that excess capacity to come out as originations, of course, for the industry have come down to higher rates. What are some of the metrics you guys are monitoring and keeping an eye on to show you that, that capacity is coming out of the system?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Well, I think as you think about the industry as a whole, so, it’s hard, Gerard, to look at any specific metrics per se. But I think where you’re going to see that first is likely gain on sale margins as people start — as those start to normalize as excess capacity comes out, right? So I think that’s probably one of the areas I would look at.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

Yeah. And listen, I mean, people just — listen, everyone in the industry looks around it. The amount of volume being down substantially. They look at the amount of expense that they have, people then rationalize the expense that they have, and that naturally changes the competitive dynamics about where people are pricing. So we’re focused on making sure that we’ve got the right level of expense relative to the revenue and volume that we’re seeing, and that’s exactly what everyone else does.

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Very good. And, Mike, just following up on your gain on sale and margin — gain on sale margins, what would you consider normal, and where are they for you guys today?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Well, I don’t — we don’t disclose the margin itself as you sort of look forward. But normal varies, right, as you sort of look through the cycle in the mortgage business. And so I think we’re certainly — if you start thinking about primary, secondary spreads, that’s one indicator of sort of where gain on sale margins will go I think. And we’re now back to what is likely more historical levels right around 100 basis points or so when you look at that. And that’s — so I think you’re kind of back to a more normal level there. And then I think as excess capacity goes out, like you’ll start to see the gain on sale come back up. So I think it’s hard to say exactly what normal will look like there as we go through the cycle.

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Okay. And then just as a follow-up question. Mike, you alluded to the possibility that the stress capital buffer following this year CCAR could be a little higher for you folks. Is there — can you give us some color what is making you think that way?

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

It’s just the severity of the variables that went into it, Gerard. And obviously, it’s a bit of a black box in terms of what — exactly what the answer is. And so we’re — we do our best to try to look at like how that might impact us and how the Fed might look at it. But it’s really based on the severity of the scenario that played through.

Gerard Cassidy — RBC Capital Markets — Analyst

Great. Always appreciate the color. Thank you.

Michael P. Santomassimo — Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, appreciate it.

Charles W. Scharf — Chief Executive Officer and President

And I think that’s the last question. So we know it’s a really busy day for everyone. So we thank you for spending the time and we’ll talk soon.

Operator

[Operator Closing Remarks]