Workhorse Group Inc (NASDAQ:WKHS) Q4 2022 Earnings Call dated Mar. 01, 2023.
Corporate Participants:
Stan March — Vice President, Corporate Development and Communications
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Robert Ginnan — Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Colin Rusch — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Greg Lewis — BTIG — Analyst
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
Mike Shlisky — DA Davidson — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, greetings and welcome to the Workhorse Group’s Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Investor Call. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded.
It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Workhorse Group’s, Vice President of Corporate Development and Communications, Stan March. Sir, you may begin.
Stan March — Vice President, Corporate Development and Communications
Thank you, Darryl. Good morning, and welcome to all of you joining us on today’s fourth quarter and full year 2022 results call. Before we begin, I’d like to note that we’ve posted the results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2022 via press release. We also issued a second press release this morning that covers the planned Board of Directors transition for the annual upcoming meeting of shareholders. You can find both these press releases as well as the accompanying presentation for this call in the Investor Relations section of our website. We’ll be tracking to the posted presentation during the call, so please follow along, either from a link in the press release or through the website directly. And with that, let’s get started.
Joining me on today’s call as shown on Slide 2 are Rick Dauch, our CEO; and Bob Ginnan, our CFO. The agenda today is found on Slide 3. Following my opening remarks, I’ll hand the call over to Rick who will give you an update on the progress we’ve made on our strategic and operational priorities during the fourth quarter and the beginning of 2023. Bob will then walk us through our financial results for the quarter and full year and then provide our outlook for the year ahead in 2023. After Rick’s summary, we’ll take your questions.
Moving to Slide 4, you can find our forward-looking statement. As you know, some of the comments will be made today are forward-looking and therefore are subject to certain provisions and as a result are subject to risks and uncertainties. You can find a full disclaimer statement in our 10-K or other periodic filings on file with the SEC as well as in today’s press release.
And with that, I’ll now turn the call over to Rick Dauch. Rick?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Stan, and good morning, everyone. Thank you for taking the time to join us today and for your continued interest in and support of Workhorse. Over the past 12 months, we’ve taken decisive actions across the organization to position Workhorse for long-term success. We made great progress in the fourth quarter and are poised for a breakout year in 2023. We’re encouraged by the progress we’ve made and are confident that our stakeholders will see the benefit of these actions in the near future.
Let’s start with some of our highlights and key accomplishments from the fourth quarter on Slide 5. Giving the right people in the right seats is the foundation of building a company that can successfully make the transition from being a technology startup into becoming a real commercial EV OEM. It takes relevant industry experience, functional expertise and selfless work ethic to be part of the Workhorse team. Throughout last year, we talked extensively about the key hires we made across our executive leadership, engineering, operational, commercial, administrative and financial teams, all of whom are instrumental and driving our go-forward strategy.
We are pleased to have completed building out our strong team, hiring almost 160 people last year, which is the right one to execute our business initiatives and achieve our vision of pioneering the transition to zero emission commercial vehicles. We also need to have the right systems and processes in place and they need to be operating effective. We have worked diligently on these important basic building blocks from engineering design revision control, fundamental lean manufacturing planning to adopting appropriate human resource systems. These sorts of things do not sound critical, but they are absolutely critical to running an effective business on a day-to day basis.
In terms of our new commercial vehicle product roadmaps, in the fourth quarter, we delivered 23 W4CC vehicles to customers. We resolved our shipping issues with Green Power and now have more than 100 base W4CC vehicles at Union City ready for production in Q1. As it relates to our W750 step-van, pilot builds are underway right now and we start regular production of this Class 4 vehicle in Q2 this year. We also began shipping tropos vehicle assembled at our Union City facility and are looking forward to ramping up production on that vehicle each quarter in 2023.
Most importantly, we are on track to unveil the W56 at the upcoming NTA Work Truck Show and begin production of the same, this game-changing vehicle in Q3 this year. Launching four new commercial vehicles over the course of 12 months takes a lot of hard work and coordination, trust me. Finally, we are doing the necessary market data analysis for the future design of the WNext, which we plan to bring to market in 2025. As you know, in December, we held our first Analyst Day at our revitalized world-class manufacturing complex in Union City, Indiana. We thank those of you who were able to make the trip to Union City back in December and we are excited to show you the real tangible progress we’re making across our electric vehicle and drone product families firsthand as well as show up our transform manufacturing operations and deep bench of talent.
Looking at the facilities outside of the Union City plant, we have concluded equipping our Wixom, Michigan technical center. Our Sharonville Ohio prototype shop is near completion, just waiting for a few key components to hook up some electricity and we are installing production lines in our drone manufacturing facility in Mason, Ohio as we speak. The takeaway summary from all this hard work on facilities that we now have the physical infrastructure and tools in place to design, test and build world-class commercial vehicles both wheeled and rotor based products.
Drilling down a bit more into aero, we continue to advance our drone technology development and are excited about the tremendous opportunities in this space. We conducted demonstrations of our HorseFly during the first two months of 2023, first by flying simultaneous package deliveries by multiple aircraft for perspective last mile delivery customer and secondly conducting a successful field test for internal operations of a separate last mile delivery customer. I will say that both of these potential customers were highly impressed with what our Workhorse product in our flight team can do.
We also successfully field tested humanitarian and logistics operations or Halo Drone internationally. The aero team also want to state a grant to support beyond visual line of sight work in Michigan and we continue to fly in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. We will continue to work on securing additional new federal and state level grants or long-term contracts for our aero business. We expect to start the production of drones and generate revenue in this business later this year. Our stable installs initiatives in the fourth quarter successfully managed deliveries to the peak holiday season gaining valuable insight into the challenges of running and managing a fleet of the aging ICE vehicles.
We are using our first EV, one of the inaugural W750 in commercial service on a daily basis and expect to fully electrify our stable and sales installs by the end of Q2. We continue to explore options to establish a second stable installs operation in an incentive-based state sometime this year. Finally, we resolved a number of legacy and regulatory issues, which has been a critical mandate for our new team. This includes proposed settlements to resolve the securities class-action lawsuit and related shareholder derivative actions and the notice from the SEC that has previously disclosed investigation concluded with a recommendation not to enforce action against the company. These are important steps to allow us to further sharpen our focus and our resources on our strategic priorities.
In Q4, we made the tough decision to discontinue the C1000 program. Our team did a thorough engineering review and conducted extensive durability testing. However, we decided that platform could not be resigned or repaired sufficiently to put a safe, reliable and durable vehicle on the road for our customers. Therefore, the best step for our company was to reallocate engineering and supply chain resources towards the development and production of our other products. We expect previously built C1000 units will be decommissioned, disassembled and disposed off by the end of Q1 2023.
Turning to Slide 6. We continue to make important progress executing on our commercial vehicle product roadmaps throughout the fourth quarter with the goal of delivering high-quality, safe and reliable electric vehicles to our customers. Starting with our Class 4 offerings the W4CC and the W750. Our supply pipeline is now functioning much better and we are buttoning down the manufacturing and quality control processes for both vehicles. As I mentioned before, we were pleased to be able to produce and deliver 23 W4CC vehicles in the fourth quarter. We are encouraged by the strong customer interest and expect to continue to ramp up production and delivery of this vehicle in 2023. W750 pilot builds are taking place right now and the company will start production of that vehicle in Q2. We have plenty of customer interest and the need to field many of these vehicles in our stable installs operations.
Turning to the W56, which we first spoke about a little year — a little over a year ago as the first new Workhorse fully designed and purpose built Class 5, 6 chassis platform. This programs remain on track both on time basis and budget basis since its inception, thanks to our engineering and supply chain teams and we expect to start production in Q3 this year. You can see a rendering image on the lower right hand side of the slide. It’s an impressive vehicle with superior driver visibility and turning radius. Having driven one of the program builds myself, I can tell you it’s a serious capable work truck. We plan to showcase the new production intent step van vehicle next week at the NTA Work Truck Show in Indianapolis to allow prospective customers to see the product first hand for the first time. Ride and drives of this vehicle will be offered in May at the ACT Show in Anaheim and customer demo vehicles will be in the field starting in late Q2.
Moving to the WNext vehicle, which we outlined at Analyst Day. We are combining our previous and extensive Class 3 and 1 vehicle field experience to develop a next-generation vehicle that with an accessible low floor frame, improved ride and handling, efficient lightweight systems and advanced safety technology. We expect to begin production of this vehicle in 2025 and the new vehicle platform will continue to — come to market just as the government mandates for Class 4 to 6 commercial vehicles start to take effect.
Moving to our aerospace update on Slide 7. We continued to make significant progress in advancing development of our drones during the fourth quarter as we target two compelling and growing markets, package delivery and agricultural and infrastructure data acquisition. Let me start with our HorseFly platform, which can deliver 10 pounds and travel over 10 miles, a payload capability we believe is market leading in the nascent drone industry. In January, we successfully conducted an extensive demonstration for last mile delivery company. As you can see on the slide, our demo consisted of 50 nonstop deliveries with three drones, two of which were in constant automatic or autonomous flight operational mode.
In our second test, we flew a series of demonstrations for a different last mile blurry company to validate a concept they’re considering to support their own internal flight operations. We had a completely different flight team do this demo and again, it could not have gone any better. We had a third field team travel to Europe to train a foreign flight crew that has significant drone experience and then the newly trained teams successfully field tested our Halo Drone internationally. Additionally, we have also partnered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and secured new federal and state level grants, including Michigan to help accelerate the feeling of this product and we are actively exploring new opportunities for collaboration with both federal and state government agencies.
On Slide 8, as I mentioned earlier, we have completely transformed our Union City manufacturing facility into a world-class operation with open flexible space with room to grow. I was amazed yesterday when I was there watching for different vehicles be put together by our new team up at Union City. The plant continues to ramp up production of the W4CC, the W750 pilot builds tropos vehicles and soon the W56 line will open up. I am pleased we are finally getting the plant into production mode. We will be installing end of line Dino in Q2, our new assembly line and a dedicated paint line is being installed ahead on site of the W56 production in Q3.
Additionally, we are in the process of installing production lines for our drones at our engineering technical design and production facility in Mason, Ohio, so we can start regular production in Q2 this year.
With that, I’ll now turn the call over to Bob to discuss our financial results.
Robert Ginnan — Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Rick. I will now cover our financial results for the fourth quarter and full year on slides 9 and 10. Our results demonstrate the significant work our team has been doing to strengthen our financial position and operations. Sales net of returns and allowances for the fourth quarter of 2022 were $3.5 million compared to negative $2 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to increased W4CC sales. Cost of sales decreased to $21.2 million from $99.9 million in the same period last year as the company recorded several non-cash charges including $12.8 million in additional inventory reserves and disposal costs for the discontinued C1000 program compared to a $94.3 million C1000 charge in Q4 2021.
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to $13.5 million from $15.7 million in the same period last year. The decrease in SG&A expense was primarily driven by one-time contract termination costs recorded in 2021. Research and development expenses increased to $8 million compared to $2.8 million in the same period last year. The increase in R&D expense was primarily related to increased engineering staff related to the design and sourcing of the company’s new products, including the W4CC, W750, W56 and two drone product lines.
Net interest income was $0.5 million compared to net interest expense of $35.7 million in the same period last year. The change in interest income was primarily driven by the exchange of the convertible notes concluded earlier in 2022. Net loss was $38.6 million compared to $156.1 million in the same period last year. Loss from operations for the fourth quarter was $39.3 million compared to $124 million in the same period last year. As of December 31, 2022 the company had $99.3 million in cash and cash equivalents.
Moving to our full year results on Slide 10. Sales net of returns and allowances for the full year 2022 were $5 million compared to a negative $0.9 million in 2021. The increase in sales was primarily due to an increase in sales volume in 2022 compared to sales net of returns allowances recorded in 2021 in connection with recall C1000 vehicles announced in the third quarter of 2021. Cost of sales for the full year 2022 decreased by $94.8 million to $37.7 million compared to $132.5 million in 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the shift in production to new vehicle platforms at lower volumes compared to the [Technical Issues] discontinuation of the C 1,000 program compared to $105.7 million charge recognized in 2021.
SG&A expenses for the full year 2022 increased to $73.2 million from $40.2 million in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by the $20 million legal settlement expense and a $6.5 million increase in professional legal services primarily related to the securities and shareholder derivative litigation. The increase was also attributable to an increase of $11.1 million in employee and labor related expenses including stock compensation, increased headcount and the appointments of the new executive leadership team during the year.
R&D expenses for the full year 2022 increased to $23.2 million from $11.6 million in 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $6.1 million increase in employee and related expenses resulted from an increase in headcount, a $2.4 million increase in prototype components and $2.1 million increase in consulting fees to support the expanding product roadmap such as the new W56, The WNext truck chassis platform and continuing development of the HorseFly and Halo drones.
Net interest expense for the full year 2022 decreased to $1.8 million compared to $12.6 million in 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction of $7 million related to fair value adjustments and losses on conversion of the convertible notes and a $6.4 million reduction in contractual interest expense. Additionally, the company recognized $0.3 million of interest income in 2022. Further, the company recognized a gain of $1.4 million on the forgiveness of the prior PPP term note during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to no gain recognized in 2022.
Other income for the full year 2022 increased to $13.6 million, primarily attributable to gains from the sale of inventory related to obsolete C1000 vehicle parts. The 2021 losses are related to unfavorable changes in fair value of the sale of investment in Lordstown Motors Corp, which was sold during the third quarter of 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the company incurred taxable losses and less no provision for income tax expense has been recorded. Net loss was $117.3 million compared to a net loss of $401.3 million last year.
Turning to Slide 11 to discuss our balance sheet for the year ended 2022. As we mentioned last quarter, we are debt free following exchange transaction in Q2. As of December 31, 2022, the company had $99.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. We also continue to have our ATMs in-place and use it judiciously in Q4. You’ll also see that we recorded a $35 million liability for the Sharonville lawsuit, offset by a $15 million insurance receivable. The other item of interest on the balance sheet is a $10 million investment tropos and the related $5.4 million of deferred revenue. We currently expect our capital expenditures to upgrade facilities in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan to be between $15 million and $25 million in 2023. We believe our existing capital resources and capital availability will be sufficient to support our current and projected funding requirements through 2023. If an opportunity arises, we will raise additional financing in 2023 including through a continuance of our at the market offering.
Moving to Slide 12, which covers our guidance. We had positive momentum coming out of 2022 and took the necessary steps to prepare for expanded operations in 2023. Looking ahead, we will focus on manufacturing operational excellence and financial discipline as we ramp up sales, production and deliveries of commercial vehicles and drones. We expect to generate significant revenue growth in 2023 with revenue expected in the range of $75 million to $125 million based on the current supply chain lead times. We believe we have the resources to ensure the financial position to execute our strategic plan will allow us to deliver on our goals and generate value for our customers and shareholders.
I’ll now turn the call back to Rick to wrap up the call.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Bob. I want to briefly discuss some of our key Q1 priorities, which are outlined on Slide 13. Above all else, we are focused on advancing our new product programs. We are now in pure execution mode on all four programs. Specifically, we expect to ramp up production of our W4CC in the first quarter targeting 40 to 50 trucks per month by Q2. W750 pilot builds are underway right now and we will start regular production of that vehicle in Q2 and deploy them — deploy several of them to electrify our stable installs also in 2Q. Final testing is underway on the W56 program at multiple locations and we will begin showcasing the W56 to customers in March, both at trade shows and with personal demonstrations at key customers.
HorseFly and Halo testing is now complete, validation is complete and both drones are now available for sale to our customers. We are in the final stages of expanding our certified dealer network ensuring we have commercial business partners capable of serving both niche, regional and national fleet customers. We are quickly building a nice backlog of orders first for the W4CC and W750 and soon for the W56 vehicles. Finally, we will execute on our common systems deployment plans in 2023, including transitioning to a new ERP system, QAD, which will help drive operational efficiencies as we ramp up production of our products. We expect to complete this ERP transition in Q3 this year.
On Slide 14, making the transition from a technology startup to being a real OEM is not easy, nor is it for the faint of heart. It takes time, a great team of dedicated people, significant capital and capable back office systems to make the transition a reality. Before we turn the call over to Q&A, I want to reemphasize five key takeaways that I’d like you all to walk away with today and I will use stabilize, my stabilized fix and grow slide as a backdrop. First, we have built an incredible team of leaders, engineers, supply chain and sales leads, operational experts, hourly and back office staff that are experienced in their respective fields. Every team member contributes to our success. I will put up our team against any commercial EV start up company in the world.
Second, we have real tangible progress — we have made real tangible progress on our new product roadmaps and are now well positioned to ramp up production in 2023 through 2025 on multiple Class 4 to 6 commercial vehicles. We continue to advance our drone development efforts and believe that there are tremendous revenue opportunities in this segment, both in the commercial and government segment areas. Third, our facilities have been completely transformed and modernized and we now have state-of-the art capabilities to design, test and produce our vehicles and deliver high-quality products and services to our customers. Coupled with our process and IT systems improvements, we have the necessary tools in place and are underway to become a leading commercial EV OEM. We’re not talking about building and tooling plants in the future. Our plants are production-ready now in 2023.
Fourth, we have resolved our legacy, legal and regulatory issues, which allows us to focus our time, resources and efforts on advancing our product roadmaps in delivering high-quality, safe, reliable and durable products for our customers. We remain confident in the market opportunities ahead in our industry and now that we have the right team, right products and right production plans in place to deliver significant value to our customers, our shareholders and other stakeholders. There is a strong market demand and governmental support for commercial EVs, UAVs and enabling infrastructure. And finally, we have the financial strength to support our business strategy. While others continue to struggle for survival, we fully expect to emerge as a winner in the nascent commercial EV market.
That concludes our prepared remarks. We’re now ready to open the call for your operators. Darryl, please provide the appropriate instructions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Our first question is coming from the line of Colin Rusch with Oppenheimer. Please proceed with your questions.
Colin Rusch — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Thanks so much guys. Could you talk a little bit about the cadence of production on a quarterly basis throughout the year as well as the cost reduction effort? I assume that you’re going to go through a period of under-utilization and then catch up and start leveraging some of the hard assets here.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Colin, good question. We got the trucks in late fourth quarter last year. We’re now exercising our production. People hadn’t worked at the facility for quite some time in terms of torque tools, turning wrenches, etc. So we’re proving out some of our production processes. We are making sure we have the quality control, process controls in place to make sure we’re building safe, reliable vehicles. We’re probably up right now at about two a day on W4CC and we’re moving towards somewhere between 40 to 50 as we go into the second quarter and then we’ll see how it goes from there. That’s primarily on W4CC.
W750, we’re still in pilot build mode. I think we’ve got one full pilot done. We have another one that’s 90% done and we have a third that’s about 50% done. So we’re waiting for a few key parts as we’re making some — as you go through pilots, you make some engineering changes to make sure we have fit, form, function going together in that. So I’m pretty confident we’ll be on production pace in the second quarter there and we’ll see how many trucks we build here this year.
W56, we won’t really get into pilot production until like late second quarter and then we’ll start regular production with a very slow ramp up in the third quarter and then we’ll start ramping up pretty hard in the fourth quarter. So it’s going to be a nice continuous year of continuous launches and haven’t gone through launches before, they don’t always go perfectly. You have supply chain issues, you have tooling issues, you’ve got training issues. So we’ll have some hiccups and starts and stops, but I think that we come out of ’23 in a really good position rolling into 2044.
Colin Rusch — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Okay. And with the cadence of the cost reduction, is that going to just be an inversion of the cadence of the production ramp or is there going to be some…
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
So we’ll get more efficient as we go forward. So our team has spent almost six or seven months in the classroom learning about lean manufacturing. Now they’re starting to practice lean manufacturing. And so whether it’s how we walk around the station to build a truck to minimize steps or how we deliver materials to the floor, we’re cleaning out all the old C1000 inventory out of warehouse will all be gone by March 15 and then we can start laying out all the inbound materials that come in for W4CC, W750FE W56. So right now, our focus is on getting that truck out there. We’re the only one I think and correct me if I’m wrong that has a fully electric Class 4 vehicle with a range of 150 miles that can carry a payload of 5,000 pounds. So we have some ability to get out there to be first to market, which gives us some flexibility in terms of our pricing and then we can keep driving cost down down the road. We already are looking out at opportunities in ’25 and ’26 on how we can take out some of the bill of material costs for sure, so.
Colin Rusch — Oppenheimer — Analyst
Okay. That’s helpful. And then that’s a good segue into my second question around the customer dynamics. Now that you have some trucks to show folks that they can drive, how is that changing the dynamics with customer engagement, your ability to close sales, building up a pipeline of opportunities and starting to close that?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Great question. First thing we did was hire a dynamic leader and Chris Amy to take over our commercial vehicle sales responsibility. She has over 20 years of experience selling commercial trucks across the country, both on the traditional ICE and EV. She’s built an outstanding team, both — we have three regional sales members who got key customer contacts. All three of those people have over 20 plus years in the industry and we’ve also built the back office now both here from an administrative standpoint and also from service support to make sure we can take care of our customers. That’s number one. So we have the systems in place or soon will have the systems in place to build trucks and ship trucks and take care of trucks in the field. I’d say this, the feedback I’ve got and I’ve been on the road quite a bit in the first quarter meeting with customers, we’ve hosted several up at Union City. They’re impressed by our facilities. We’re on track to have 11 certified dealers here in the second quarter of this year and that will lead to quite a bit of sales. I think right now, Bob and I feel comfortable that we have 80% visibility into the low end of our $75 million sales range in 2023.
Colin Rusch — Oppenheimer — Analyst
That’s super helpful. Thanks guys.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Dauch.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Greg Lewis with BTIG. Please proceed with your questions.
Greg Lewis — BTIG — Analyst
Yeah, thank you and good morning, everybody. Just following-up on that around the guidance. And as we think about the kind of the puts and takes of that, is is the high end of the guidance, is that — or however you want to talk about it, is the delta to the high end and the low end more a function of the timing of the rollout of the of the 750 or is it maybe around the ability to scale the cabin chassis which it sounds like is almost in the 40 to 50 per month range already?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. I’d say a couple of things. We want to make sure we set a range that we can achieve. As I said, we have 80% visibility into the low end of the range. I’ve been in this industry now for over 30 years. Pilot and launches don’t always go perfect, right? If they do, great. If they don’t, we’ve got a little wiggle room I’ll say right now, right? The more we can get demos in the hands of customers, the more they’re going to like them I think. We’ve had at least three customers in the last 60 days come to Union City and they turned around and signed up as new dealers almost within 30 days, okay? So I think the more we get our products in the hands of customers, they can test drive them, they can think through all the different variations on the W4CC of what they can put in the back, the better our sales will be.
I think we were surprised. We brought the W4CC over in December of ’21 to show a couple of customers thinking about we build the step van. And overwhelmingly, the customers said, they really want the W4CC cap chassis. That’s where the bigger opportunity that we didn’t see that when we first started looking at the market. So I think that’s a big opportunity for us. You got to go through the update. I know we have four or five trucks sitting at up fitters right now. One is getting a dry van on it, one is getting a refurb, one is getting it configured for shuttle bus, one is getting put together for a flatbed. We’ve got a really important commercial partner that we’ve had for a while who has been helping us work our way through to better understand how these vehicles go to market. So we thank that, so.
Greg Lewis — BTIG — Analyst
Okay. Great. And then I was hoping you could provide a little bit more color around tropos. You got a few few units out in the fourth quarter. Any kind of color you can give around on how that ramp is going, maybe where we are as kind of as we look at how things were on a production basis stand like as we think about February versus where they were last year and kind of how you think about the potential to scale that up as 2023 moves forward?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Greg, that’s a great question. I’ll say two things. When we first the got vehicles and we experienced a little bit of shipping issues in terms of we got to do some repairs, we weren’t quick with Green Power to get those taken care of. Two, when we got some of the W4CC chassis into the hands of the upfitters, we got some real feedback in late December and in early January and we’re making a few quick changes that they want to see. They like the base truck, they like the powertrain, they want some things that are better for the bit of the boxes, etc. The cap chassis are coming over with what we call a cutaway back and they want a fixture across the back.
So our engineering team literally in less than three weeks came up and designed a new back to put on the back of a truck that provides a much better fit for the upfitters. We think they’re very happy with that solution. We just finished testing that on the test track last week, thank God, we’ve built the test track. And we have already tooled up a supplier and he is ramping up as we speak and we’ll have a bunch of those backs in with the liners in mid March and then we’ll be really go off and running. And I think that is indicative of the investments we’ve made, whether it’s in the technical team, the supply chain team and our test facilities in our manufacturing to be able to be so nimble to move that quickly, okay?
And that was like seriously, literally, we got some trucks out between December 15 to 31. By the first week of January, we got some feedback, hey, we got a few issues with you guys that we need to get address and here we are in the February. I guess, today is March 1 and we’ve already got solutions to get to the customers here between now and the end of the quarter, so.
Greg Lewis — BTIG — Analyst
Thank you for the thoughts.
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from the line of Chris Souther with B Riley. Please proceed with your questions.
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
Hey guys. Thanks for taking my questions here. On the 80% visibility to the low end of the range, I’m curious what the W56 contribution is there ahead of the commercial launch next week or is it really just for the W4, W750 at this point? And then maybe what kind of contribution are you expecting from drones, contract manufacturing and other stuff as far as the guidance picture there?
Robert Ginnan — Chief Financial Officer
So hi, Chris. This is Bob. I would say that visibility is predicated on the W4CC platform. And then from there, we anticipate the W56, W750 and then ultimately getting the drones contributing to that number as well. So right now, the visibility is on our really first launch and then those will ramp it up from there.
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
Got it, perfect. Maybe just on the — you talked about customer interest being pretty high. Could you talk about how you guys are reengaging with some of the legacy backlog customers, how that process is going versus kind of new customers that you have been engaging with some of the new team members you’ve added?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Chris, that’s a great question. I’ll tell you first of all, I’m kind of known in the industry as an operational animal. So I’m going to take my operational head off pretty much in the next 30, 45 days and turn into a commercial animal and reengage with some of those big legacy potential customers, right? I didn’t feel comfortable until we had hard physical products to take out the customers. Showing something — showing somebody is something on a PowerPoint is one thing, actually have to drive the vehicles and see how they work is another thing. And I think our vehicles will sell themselves once we get them in the hands of customers. We have at least five large commercial either last mile delivery or work truck customers who ask specifically for a W56 demo. They want to be able to test them themselves with their team for two to four weeks.
So as part of our pilot and program builds, we’re building some commercial demos to sent out and each one of our field sales team will have a family of either W750, a W4CC, W56 to take around the different regional customers. On the drone side, out of our one of our successful demonstrations that customers ask for two of our drones to be tested for 30 to 60 days at their own test facilities somewhere here in North America. But I think we’re at a point now after 18 months of super hard work to actually have viable products that are commercial — not only technically viable, safe, durable, but also commercially viable in terms of way we can build them at a cost and sell them at a price and make money. That wasn’t the fact when we got here back in 2021.
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
Sure, yeah. No, that all makes sense. Great. And maybe just you talked about adding stable installs into another region. Is this about just demonstrating closer to potential customers going through all the customer incentive processes to help hold customer hands through those processes or how many more of these do you think you’ll be setting up essentially is kind of what I’m getting at to?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Good question. So we chose to do the first one here in Ohio. It’s close to our technical team. It’s close to our factory and we can get there as leadership team and is less than literally 15 or 20 miles away. We got buy-in from FedEx, both here regionally and back in Memphis to try it. We built the facility — we secured facility, leased it. We’ve transitioned it. We put the charging stations in. We’re almost done buttoning up the interior where we can put the lifts in that go work and service trucks. We have learned a lot I’ll say sometimes painful in terms of new transmissions, repairing tires in the snow, having to change the engine, what it takes to maintain and keep qualified drivers and have safe drivers on the road. So here in Ohio, we’re blessed with the Ohio River and low cost electricity, but we’re not blessed with incentives from the State of Ohio.
We’ve done some work as a commercial team. We spent a couple days in some training sessions to make sure we understand the car rules in California and all the different incentives across the 17 and 18 states. And so Stan March is leading that effort for us and he’s buttoning down. It looks like we’re going to focus on one of two regions, one on the West Coast or one on the East Coast where there’s significant commercial incentives, up to $100,000 per vehicle in some states $60,000 and others for our vehicles and we’ll choose one of those selections. We’re working with FedEx to identify the best location and we’ll probably have a second operation up and running this year. And then we’ll stop.
Remember, our goal is not to build out a whole network of stable installs. It’s to build out two or three stables installs to better understand what it costs an operator transition historically ICE lead to EV, the acquisition costs, the total cost of operations and ownership and where the saves we can help justify the business case to take back to some of the customers, whether that’s independent contractors on the FedEx ground side or to other large commercial users of commercial trucks, people who deliver to grocery stores, people who deliver to goods and supplies to factories. Everybody is trying to figure out to make this transition work, right? And quite honestly, the government has got to help put in the EV infrastructure, they’re doing that. Until we get the volume, the government has got to provide incentives or also it doesn’t make a lot of logical sense. The EVs costs a lot more money until we get batteries in the volume that the costs come down significantly, so.
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
Okay…
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
We are in the very, very early stages of this transition. You can read all the press publications about the crazy how fast we’re going to go on EV. At the end of the day, you have to have the infrastructure in place and you have to have a economic model that works for both the suppliers, the manufacturers and the end use customers. If you don’t, then it doesn’t work, right? We think we’re on a path forward to get that done.
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
Got it. Maybe just my last one, timing around kind of positive gross margins and where we start to get the leverage? Is that something exiting this year we should expect given kind of the ramp up throughout the year? And then I’ll hop in the queue.
Robert Ginnan — Chief Financial Officer
So every truck we sell, we expect contribution on it from the very beginning. But as you said, total gross margin is about fixed cost coverage. So I don’t think we’ll be there by the end of this year, but we will I think make significant progress towards positive gross margin as we ramp up production.
Chris Souther — B Riley — Analyst
I appreciate it. Thanks. I’ll hop in the queue.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Yes. And I think the one thing I’d say to you is that if you take a look at the commercial EV space, there were lot of projections over the last two or three years. And almost all of them came up short in two areas, one, it’s a hell of a lot tougher. We go from concept to production and it costs a hell of lot more to get there, okay? Just go back and look at all of the old forecast of some of the other EVs, specs and stuff on that, are they coming up short, have they built their plants, etc. We’re very fortunate here at Workhorse that we got a plant that’s been around for almost 20 years. It didn’t cost us as much to renovate and upgrade the factory as it would have to build a brand new greenfield site, which was taken a couple of years. So we are able to get that Union City facility turnaround and ready to go in less than six to nine months for about $20 million. And we’ll put another $15 million or $20 million in this year in terms of paint line, Dino test, in line Dino testers and AGV to move the vehicles around the plant, right?
Operator
Thank you. Our next question is coming from the line of Jeff Osborne with TD — Cowen. Please proceed with your questions.
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
Good morning. Most of my questions have been answered, but a couple of quick ones. One was actually on capex which you were just touching on. What should we assume for ’23? I might have missed that in the prepared remarks.
Robert Ginnan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, Jeff, this is Bob. We expect somewhere in the $15 million to $25 million range, so pretty consistent. And primarily Rick just outlined the three major projects AGVs, Paint Booth and Dino are the bulk of that. A little bit of money on an ERP, but in that $15 million to $25 million range.
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
Got it. Another quick one, Bob, on the modeling side. There was a bunch of one-off in the opex. Can you give us a run rate for the first half of the year, for the full year, how we should think about that total opex on an annual and quarterly basis?
Robert Ginnan — Chief Financial Officer
I think when you look at the fourth quarter from an opex perspective, it’s pretty indicative of where we are now. And I think that’s pretty good run rate.
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
Got it. My last question is just how should we think about pricing? And I think Rick mentioned that the in cab chassis is a bit more interest. Is taht may be lower prices for vehicle that’s on the predominant mix…
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Jeff, you broke up a little bit. So can you repeat that? You said something about the car — the sales price of the cab chassis versus the full vehicle, but I didn’t quite understand your question.
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
Yes, I apologize. I got a bad connection here. I was just curious if ther’s more interest in cab chassis than anticipated and what that does to our average ASPs.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
You’re talking about average pricing across the two different, the cab chassis or step vans, is that what you’re asking?
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
That’s what I was trying to get, yes.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. You kind of saw some indications in fourth quarter, you can kind of do some backward math in terms of revenue and the number of vehicles sold. We didn’t sell any drones. We did have some stable installs revenue. We had some drone service revenue. So you can probably get to a back of the-envelope calculation for a range. As we ramp up, prices are pretty — a little better than we thought when we did the modeling. We are looking at receiving some big orders. We can have some discounts in there, but they’re not huge discounts is what I would say, right? I think we have — one dealer has indicated they want to buy somewhere between 250 and 260 vehicles this year already. So just one customer.
Jeff Osborne — Cowen — Analyst
Great. Thank you.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Jeff.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Mike Shlisky with DA Davidson. Please proceed with your questions.
Mike Shlisky — DA Davidson — Analyst
Good morning, and thanks for taking my questions. I did miss your first few comments asked and answered, so just let me know. Frist, can you comment on the potential royalties that might be coming or not be coming from the old Lordstown deal? It sounds like there was a filing that they’re trying to get out of the deal. Curious can I just — can you leverage us do that and are there any unusual legal costs we should be looking at for 2023 to get that deal enforced? It’s a big number, it’s like probably worth nine figures to Workhorse. So I just want to make sure that that’s still going to happen.
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
So we — as we stated in our release, we believe that the royalty still apply regardless of the status of the agreement, but I would also say that the main dependency here is they are shipped trucks and that’s the deal at the end of the day that’s what generates the royalty. So we believe we still have the royalty in place and that’s kind of where we stand right now.
Mike Shlisky — DA Davidson — Analyst
It’s not a start to that cover, but I only personally have shipped a few, just asking about at this point, have you invoiced them for that change that they might owe you for the first handful?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
No, we’re still waiting on reporting so that we can do that next step.
Mike Shlisky — DA Davidson — Analyst
Okay, great. Kind of moving on, I want to open old wounds here and open up the USPS question again, but they are now awarding EV contracts beyond just Oshkosh, they are somewhat smaller, but they are awarding them. They just award over 9,000 vas yesterday. It’s very active buyer there. Does Workhorse have any opportunities to bid on those comp orders going forward? Perhaps it’s going be that…
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
We saw the announcement yesterday that they awarded some I think they are Class 2 or Class 3 transit vehicles to Ford, so congratulations Ford Motor Company, well learned. We do think there’s opportunity at some point with us with the U.S. Postal Service and other government agencies for our Class 5, 6 trucks and potentially for our drums. That’s all we’ll say for now.
Mike Shlisky — DA Davidson — Analyst
Okay. Maybe last one from me, the aero demos that we’ve talked about here, it’s hard helping the pictures. So with those drones, with those aero products actually taking off and landing on a Workhorse truck or is that the next level of kind of public demo? And is there a lot of difficulty from the old demos to any moving truck demos to make that happen?
Richard Dauch — Chief Executive Officer
Great question. Those were not off the truck. The customer — the first customer we did the demo for, we did the 50 deliveries across six different addresses. They were done from ground-based locations. At the request of that customer, they want to prove out the concept of being able to deliver from a warehouse or a fixed location to multiple individual or business locations first. We did that test and we passed that test. The first month I was here, I went down to that customer and they gave me a three page list with about 25 specifications to include, you have to have a parachute, you have to be able deliver off a tether, you got to be able to pull the package backup in case there’s an issue with it, you’ve got to handle a certain range, you’ve got hurt hit a certain payload. We met every single one of their specifications.
It took us almost 18 months to get there, hell of a lot of work. We doubled our engineering team. We tripled our software team. We tripled our flight operations team. We have countless hours now and we’re pretty confident. The customer asked us to prioritize the fixed location delivery first and then come back to the vehicle delivery and we have only tested that flight off the old E-GENs, which were no longer — we have some in-service, but we’re not building any more of those and we’re going to have to use — we’re going to modify a W56 and a W750 the tops at some point to do that, but that wasn’t our priority in 2022 or 2023. We’ll probably get to that sometime in ’24,
Mike Shlisky — DA Davidson — Analyst
Great. And that makes a lot of sense. It sounds really exciting. I’ll pass along. Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]