Quest Diagnostics, Inc. (NYSE: DGX) Q3 2020 earnings call dated Oct. 22, 2020
Corporate Participants:
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Ann Hynes — Mizuho Securities — Analyst
Stephen Baxter — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Ricky Goldwasser — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Ralph Giacobbe — Citi — Analyst
Jack Meehan — Nephron Healthcare Investment Research — Analyst
Erin Wright — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Donald Hooker — KeyBanc Capital Markets — Analyst
Kevin Caliendo — UBS — Analyst
Pito Chickering — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Matt Larew — William Blair & Company — Analyst
Brian Tanquilut — Jefferies & Co. — Analyst
Derik de Bruin — Bank of America Securities — Analyst
Lisa Gill — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Michael Newshel — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Welcome to the Quest Diagnostics Third Quarter 2020 Conference Call. At the request of the company, this call is being recorded. The entire contents of the call, including the presentation and question-and-answer session that will follow are copyrighted property of Quest Diagnostics with all rights reserved. Any redistribution, retransmission or rebroadcast of this call, in any form, without the written consent of Quest Diagnostics is strictly prohibited.
Now, I’d like to introduce Shawn Bevec, Vice President of Investor, Quest Diagnostics. Go ahead, please.
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, and good morning. I’m here with Steve Rusckowski, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President and Mark Guinan, our Chief Financial Officer.
During this call, we may make forward-looking statements and we’ll discuss non-GAAP measures. We provide a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to comparable GAAP measures in the tables to our earnings press release. Actual results may differ materially from those projected. Risks and uncertainties, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic that may affect Quest Diagnostics’ future results include, but are not limited to, those described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, and subsequently filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K. The company continues to believe that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition will be primarily driven by the pandemic’s severity and duration, the pandemic’s impact on U.S. healthcare system and the U.S. economy and the timing, scope and effectiveness of federal, state and local governmental response to the pandemic, which are drivers beyond the company’s knowledge and control.
For this call, references to reported EPS refer to reported diluted EPS from continuing operation, and references to adjusted EPS refer to adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations. References to base testing volumes or base business refer to testing volumes excluding COVID-19 molecular and serology testing volumes. Finally, growth rates associated with our long term outlook projections, including total revenue growth, revenue growth from acquisitions, organic revenue growth and adjusted earnings growth are compound annual growth rates.
Now, here is Steve Rusckowski.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Well, thanks, Shawn and thanks everyone for joining us today. Quest had a very strong third quarter benefiting from continued demand from COVID-19 testing, as well as the rapid recovery from health care utilization.
We have performed over 22 million COVID-19 molecular and serology test to date, more than any other provider. We’ve also developed and introduced several new innovations that are contributing to enabling the country’s ability to the return-to-work, the classroom and the athletic field. I’m extremely proud of all that Quest Diagnostics has accomplished through the COVID-19 pandemic, and I want to thank our 47,000 employees for their hard work and dedication.
So this morning, I’ll discuss our performance for the quarter, our role in the COVID-19 pandemic and update you on our non-COVID base business and then Mark will provide more detail on the third quarter results and our updated financial outlook for the remainder of the year.
Our financial performance in the third quarter was very strong. For the quarter, Total revenue grew by more than 42% to $2.79 billion. Earnings per share increased by more than 164% on a reported basis to $4.14 and nearly 145% on an adjusted basis to $4.31. These results reflect continued demand for COVID-19 testing and continued recovery in our base testing volumes as healthcare systems resume non-urgent care and elective surgeries. Organic base testing volumes orders declined high single-digits in July and improved during the quarter to mid-to-high single-digit decline in September versus the prior year.
Demand for COVID-19 testing came from several areas: clinical testing ordered by healthcare providers as the virus spread throughout much of the country, especially for non-COVID-19 pre-surgical patients; and people of high-risk populations like nursing homes and prisons; and retail testing in our extended network access points, such as our drive-thru sites offered across the country by CVS and Walmart; workplace testing as employers sought to return employees to their job and their offices; university testing to facilitate the return of students to campus life, including sports; and our consumer testing, direct testing offered by QuestDirect.
We’ve also demonstrated innovation and agility in bringing COVID-19 testing to our nation. In the quarter, we were granted an Emergency Use Authorization or EUA to offer unobserved self collection. We were the first provider to receive the EUA during the pandemic for specimen pooling. And then, finally, we teamed up with Walmart and DroneUp to pilot a program for contactless delivery of specimen tests using drones.
Also, in the quarter, we announced an initiative, along with our Quest Diagnostics Foundation to address and reduce healthcare disparities in underserved communities, including those impacted by COVID-19. This value-based treatment builds on our existing work with Federally Qualified Health Centers and will focus on serving people of color, elderly and underserved populations in locations throughout the United States. Quest plans to donate testing services and fund a range of initiatives estimated to total more than $100 million. Our goal is to improve access to testing, drive awareness of the value of diagnostic innovations and managing health.
Now, before updating you on our base business, what I’d like to do is comment on our recent CMS change to Medicare payment for COVID-19 testing and our decision to return the CARES Act funding to the government. So, in conjunction with our trade association, we’ve been currently reviewing all the new reimbursement policy for high throughput COVID-19 molecular testing from CMS that’ll impact laboratory and patients we serve. Last week’s announcement removes some uncertainty that was an overhang on COVID-19 testing reimbursements.
Finally, we are grateful for the CARES Act funding from last spring, which provided us with — at an important time to bring certainty for our country. Now, several months since the pandemic, we no longer require this funding. And as a result, we believe, returning these funds to the government now is the right thing to do.
We’re making progress on our strategy to accelerate growth in the base business. So, as a reminder, the five elements of our strategy to accelerate are to grow more than 2% per year through strategically-aligned accretive acquisitions, expand relationships with health plans and hospital health systems, offer the broadest access to diagnostic innovation, be recognized as the consumer friendly provider of diagnostic information services, and then, finally, support population health with data analytics and extended care services.
Now I’ll share a few highlights from our strategy to accelerate growth. Our M&A pipeline remains strong. Since the second quarter, we closed our acquisition of Mid America Clinical Laboratories, or referred to as MACL, which is in Indiana and we did a couple of two small tuck-in acquisitions. Our recent acquisitions have been performing well during the pandemic. For example, our Memorial Hermann outreach acquisition announced earlier this year, as well as this recent MACL acquisition have driven growth in both COVID-19 testing and our base business. We’ve also seen growth in advanced diagnostics from our acquisition of Blueprint Genetics.
The second growth driver, expanding relationships with health plans and hospital health systems is also delivering. Our hospital reference testing volumes excluding COVID-19 have returned to growth year-over-year. Given the challenges that hospitals are facing, we expect many more to be open to discussions about how Quest can help them achieve their lab strategy. So, in Professional Lab Services, this year, we have launched a record amount of bookings, representing larger and longer term agreements than in the past.
We also continue to make progress on our health plan strategy. Within the UnitedHealthcare Preferred Lab Network, we’re helping United reduce other PLN lab spending through the previously announced zero out-of-pocket benefit. In addition, United has added enhancements that reduce the administrative burden for order physicians and patients related to those tests requiring pre-authorization. And then in August, we entered into a new strategic relationship with the Anthem in 12 states. We’re working with the Anthem to improve quality and efficiency and delivery of laboratory services. And then, finally, additionally, we’re working with major national payers to enable their members who access COVID-19 testing through Quest’s relationships with major retailers.
We made progress on a third element of our strategy to accelerate growth by offering the broadest access to innovation. In the quarter, we launched three new combined COVID-19 and respiratory virus tests, reducing time for physicians to diagnose and treat patients by identifying nearly 20 viral and bacterial infections from a single swap. We also launched our automated next generation sequencing solution that enables individuals to access useful genetic testing insights about hereditary diseases at consumer price points through Ancestry Health.
Finally, we grew our direct-to-consumer services in the quarter. QuestDirect test offerings continue to resonate with consumers. In the quarter, we launched our COVID-19 active infection tests, offering consumers a choice of using and — at-home care or getting their specimen collection done at a drive-thru location.
Also, we made remarkable progress in the surge of sign-ups to our MyQuest patient portal. Today, roughly 13 million patients have MyQuest account to make appointments or receive their results through their smartphone or their computer. In the third quarter, on average, more than 100,000 patients per week signed up for this service. This is more than double the rate we’ve experienced before the pandemic.
And now the second part of our two-point strategy is to drive operational excellence. We continue to pursue our goals to reduce our cost base by 3% per year. We also see more opportunities ahead to drive further productivity gains, while at the same time, enhancing our customer experience and overall service levels. There is a couple of examples. We have standardized on the Siemens immunoassay platform in 14 of our 18 regional laboratories. The solution drives workflow efficiencies and has enabled more than a 50% reduction in our equipment footprint. We are still in the early stage of this realized savings. But, so far, we’re pleased with its progress.
And then also, our new flagship laboratory in Clifton, New Jersey is being prepared to go live in early 2021. When complete, the state-of-the-art facility will be the most highly-automated in our laboratory network, and will represent the final regional lab to be converted to a standard operational IT system, which we call Q-Suite. This will mark the culmination of a multi-year initiative to simplify, streamline and standardize original laboratory operations.
Now, I’d like to turn it over to Mark to take you through results, and update you on our outlook. Mark?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Steve. In the third quarter, consolidated revenues were $2.79 billion, up roughly 43% versus the prior year. Revenues for Diagnostic Information Services grew approximately 44% compared to the prior year, which reflected significant demand for COVID-19 testing services, offset by a modest decline in base testing volumes. Volume, measured by the number of requisitions, increased 19.7% versus the prior year with acquisitions contributing approximately 3%.
We continue to experience improving performance in our base business in the third quarter. Orders for organic base testing compared to our pre-pandemic business declined high single-digits in July and improved to a mid-to-high single-digit decline in September versus the prior year. For the entire third quarter, base testing volumes declined roughly 5% versus the prior year and benefited from recent M&A and the new PLS wins that Steve highlighted earlier.
We also experienced a significant contribution from COVID-19 testing during the third quarter, performing approximately 9.9 million molecular tests and 1.5 million serology tests. We exited the third quarter, averaging approximately 93,000 COVID-19 molecular and 11,000 serology tests per day.
Revenue per requisition increased 20.9% versus the prior year, driven largely by COVID-19 testing. This was partially offset by unit price headwinds of approximately 1.7% in the third quarter, in line with our prior expectations. This includes the ongoing impact of PAMA.
Reported operating income was $718 million or 25.8% of revenues compared to $313 million or 16% of revenues last year. On an adjusted basis, operating income was $831 million or 29.8% of revenues compared to $349 million or 17.9% of revenues last year. The year-over-year increase in operating margin was driven by the strong revenue growth in the third quarter, reflecting the relatively high drop-through on incremental volume in our business.
Reported EPS was $4.14 in the quarter compared to $1.56 a year ago. Adjusted EPS was $4.31 compared to $1.76 last year.
Cash provided by operations was approximately $1.46 billion year-to-date through September 30 versus $895 million in the same period last year. Cash from operations for the third quarter includes approximately $138 million of provider relief funds, under the CARES Act. As a result of our strong financial position, we are planning to return the entire CARES Act funding we received, which Steve noted earlier.
Additionally, we are accelerating the redemption of our senior notes maturing in April of 2021. We will use the proceeds of the bond offering that we completed in May 2020 to repay these notes. We expect to complete the early debt redemption in November.
Turning to guidance, we raised our full year 2020 outlook as follows: revenue is now expected to be between $8.8 billion and $9.1 billion, an increase of approximately 13.9% to 17.8% versus the prior year; reported EPS is expected to be in a range of $8.22 to $9.22 and adjusted EPS to be in a range of $9 to $10; cash provided by operations is expected to be at least $1.75 billion; and capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $400 million.
We continue to operate under the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Continued recovery in the base business, as well as demand for and duration of COVID-19 molecular testing are significant swing factors that remain challenging to forecast. With that high degree of uncertainty in mind, please consider the following: the midpoint of our full year outlook generally assumes base testing volumes to remain modestly below last prior year levels as we exit 2020; COVID-19 testing volumes averaging nearly 90,000 tests per day for the molecular test, and 10,000 test per day for the serology test in Q4; Covid-19 molecular reimbursement generally stable with recent trends. Our performance through mid-October is slightly above these assumptions. But again, our guidance reflects the uncertainty of the current environment.
Finally, as Steve mentioned, we are currently in the early stages of launching our recently announced initiative with the Quest Foundation to reduce health disparities in underserved communities. As we move forward, we expect to exclude the costs associated with this multi-year initiative in determining our adjusted results. While we are prepared to share detailed outlook for 2021 today, I’d like to offer some considerations for next year.
First, we are likely to have an easy compare in our base business for much of the year, especially in Q2. Second, demand for COVID-19 testing is likely to persist well into 2021. We believe that molecular PCR testing will continue to play a very important role in diagnosing, tracking and tracing active COVID-19 infections and that there will eventually be a growing need for serological testing as vaccines and additional therapies coming to the market. Third, we are working to understand the details of the recent CMS announcement regarding COVID-19 molecular reimbursement for 2021. And, finally, as a reminder, there will be no Medicare reimbursement cuts under PAMA in 2021, given the one-year delay included in the CARES Act.
I will now turn it back to Steve.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Well, thanks, Mark. And to summarize, we had a very strong third quarter and have performed over 22 million COVID-19 molecular and serology test to date. We’ve also developed and introduced a number of new innovations, allowing the country to get back to work, into the classroom and on to the athletic fields. We’ve seen further signs of recovery in health care utilization as our base testing volumes continue to recover rapidly throughout the third quarter. And, finally, again, I’m extremely proud of all that Quest Diagnostics has accomplished throughout these very difficult times. And I thank all the 47,000 people at Quest Diagnostics for all their hard work and dedication.
Now, we’d be happy to take any of your questions. Operator?
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. [Operator Instructions] First question is from Ann Hynes with Mizuho Securities. Your line is now open.
Ann Hynes — Mizuho Securities — Analyst
Hi, good morning.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Good Morning, Ann.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning, Ann.
Ann Hynes — Mizuho Securities — Analyst
So, How’s everything? So, I just want to touch back on your comments, Mark, about the reimbursement for next year. I know that a lot, still, is unknown, but just for modeling purposes, maybe can you talk about your current turnaround time, what you expect your molecular capacity to be by that time in January, and should we assume — would you need to make any more further investments to be able to get that $100 reimbursement for molecular test. And my second question is just about cash flow. Obviously, it’s very elevated because of all the testing. What do you expect — how do you expect to deploy that once you’re able to and maybe about timing of the cash deployment since it’s very elevated? Thanks.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Let me start with the operational piece of that, Ann. First of all, we’re running about a capacity of 200,000 tests per day even though what you’ve heard from our guidance is, we’re running less than that in terms of actual results. And we’ve done that for two reasons. One is to be prepared for the fall where we’re anticipating further demand for COVID-19 testing. And then, secondly, is when we have more capacity, when we resolve less, it helps us with turnaround time. So I’m happy to share that, right now, we’re averaging less than two days for testing for COVID-19.
Now, what I will also say is, as I said in my early introductory remarks, we’re trying to understand the exact guidelines, and I’m sure there’ll be more detail from CMS in terms of recovery — excuse me, reimbursement changes. When we’re looking at turnaround times, we’re looking at it today from specimen collection to results and that’s also by calendar day. And there’ll be more specificity based upon this from CMS. But there will be more clarity around that.
So we’re performing well with our peak capacity versus our demand, and we’re not stopping there. We’re actually increasing our capacity, as we speak. We’re working out some of the last capacity we can get out of some of the new systems we put in place and the second is, we are looking at applying pooling to some of our IVD platforms. So that should get us to eventually coming out of this year at 250,000 per day versus the 200,000 today. So we should be able to meet the demand and keep our turnaround times at the level I’ve already indicated. So, Mark?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, so, just to add to that, and the devil’s in the details. We need to understand exactly when the clock starts on turnaround time, based on where we think it should end up. We expect to be in very good shape around meeting the criteria. And we, at this point, assume we have to get more than half of those tests turnaround in two days or less. But, obviously, we need clarification and certainty around that. And that’s for, obviously, Medicare, and we still have to work through some of the issues with the commercial payers as well to understand how it’s going to work with them. So that’s why we’re cautious in terms of committing too much to what this pronouncement by CMS means. A lot of work to do, but certainly we’re optimistic as we look at it that we should be able to meet that requirement.
On cash flow, as you see, we’re obviously feeling much better about our cash flow at this point, the fact that we’re repaying the debt early from April that we issued in — pre-issuance in May shows our confidence returning $138 million, which of course is deducted from our projection when I said at least $1.75 billion. We’re expecting a very strong cash year. And Steve mentioned, we have a very strong M&A pipeline and as I have said many times to investors, I would prefer to do M&A, that is, when we do it. We’re highly confident, if that’s a better return for our shareholders. But we do have very strict criteria, we have to find deals that meet those criteria. So I’m optimistic that we will deploy a chunk of that for M&A, and then at some point, you can expect us to return to our normal capital strategy as we move forward throughout the calendar year or early next year.
Ann Hynes — Mizuho Securities — Analyst
Great, thanks.
Operator
Next question is from Stephen Baxter with Wolfe Research. Your line is now open.
Stephen Baxter — Wolfe Research — Analyst
Hi. Thanks for the question. I wanted to ask you about the progression of core volumes through the quarter. I believe you said August core volumes were down mid-to-high single-digits and then in today’s release, I think it also has the September exit rate at about the same level down mid-single to high-singles. So this would seem to suggest that the baseline volume returning to normal has slowed a little bit. Is that consistent with what you guys have actually experienced? And, if so, what do you think need to happen to see it improved further? If it’s not, what’s the nuance that I’m missing? And then just to put a finer point on it, those guidance assume that you see a continued improvement from the September exit rate or basically a continuation of that level? Thank you.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Thanks for the question, Stephen. As we mentioned, volume improved from July, but really September versus August, it was fairly flat. So, yes, there was a little stagnation in improvement of the base volumes, not completely surprising, given the recent uptick in COVID again. So it hasn’t gotten worse for us, but it did not continue its improvement. And that’s why when I talked about what we expect in Q4, we don’t expect a full recovery any time this calendar year. So, obviously, we have a very broad range, $300 million. So within that range, there is multi variables, but in terms of the base business, we’re not counting on, in the middle of that, a complete recovery. We’re not expecting it to move materially away from where it’s been the last couple of months. But that would kind of get you to the lower end and upper end of the range, depending on that, along, of course, with COVID testing as well, where they go from that midpoint.
So not counting on anything, but certainly improvement could lead us toward that upper end and if it eroded a little bit, it could lead us toward the lower end of our guidance.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. And we’re watching it carefully. If you go back and hear what I said, we started off July at high single-digits. And then also, as I indicated, in September, it was mid-to-high. So slight improvement there, but we’re watching it as we entered the fourth quarter and as we sit here in the fourth quarter in October.
Operator
Next question is from Ricky Goldwasser from Morgan Stanley. Your line is now open.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Ricky.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning, Ricky.
Ricky Goldwasser — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Hi, good morning. So I have a question on the gross margins. You came in meaningfully higher than last. Clearly, we’re seeing the benefit of the return of core volumes, but can you maybe help us quantify, off the gross margin that we saw in the quarter, what is coming from the return of core versus realized price for COVID testing? We understand the reimbursement, but also we’re hearing you talk a lot more about direct-to-consumer testing that, I’m assuming, come with a higher price point. So if we can just get a little bit more clarity on that.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Sure. So Ricky, first, I’ll confirm that direct-to-consumer does come with a higher price point. Certainly, there are other expenses that go with direct-to-consumer. We’ve actually invested incrementally in some marketing to drive awareness and so on. But from a gross margin perspective, the consumer testing is higher than our core business. But, recall, even though we feel good about that business, it’s still a very small part of our overall enterprise. And then between COVID and base, obviously, we don’t get into gross margins and specific test offerings.
But the one benefit, I will point out in COVID is that there is no patient responsibility. So when you think about it, and I don’t have the precise numbers but just, let’s say, because, of our overall enterprise, about 20% of our revenues come from patients, if we collect, as we’ve shared, $0.70 on the dollar, you can imagine that there is about a 6% higher margin on that particular business because it’s a 100% reimbursed by payers instead of having any patient responsibility.
So there is some benefits in the gross margins on COVID that really is unrelated to price and really has everything to do with the coverage policies and not having that inability to collect all the money that were due.
Ricky Goldwasser — Morgan Stanley — Analyst
Great. And just one follow-up, if I may. You gave us some early puts and takes for 2021. We’re starting to hear some companies that are accelerating hiring in preparation for next year, when you think about the increased need for serology, so with COVID vaccine, etc. Should we assume step-up in costs related to increased hiring in preparation for that?
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. So, Ricky. We managed our workforce carefully over the last six to nine months. As you recall, in the second quarter, we had to bring down our workforce. So we furloughed over 6,000 people, we reduced work schedules, we cut salaries, since, for the — myself and Mark and our Board. And then we saw this steady recovery in our base business, coupled with the COVID testing that we’ve done. So we’ve reinstated salaries, we’ve brought back full work weeks, we’ve brought back the vast majority of the furloughed employees and actually hired people. So we’ve hired people where we needed to hire people, particularly in areas like specimen processing, you can see what the volumes we’re seeing. You have to have a lot of people to receive all these specimens to sort it out before they go into the lab.
But I’ll tell you, we’re still being very, very careful before we add another person. We’re being very careful in overhead and Mark will go through exactly what’s in our expenses, but we’ve been very limited in hiring in our expense categories. And we’ll continue to be very prudent with our hiring for our overhead within our laboratory operations and our operations in general. And the reason for that is we want to make sure we don’t get ahead of ourselves. We feel we got a good leverage in the third quarter as you see, and we believe we have a workforce in place to manage the demand we’re getting right now. And we’re constantly looking at what we think the future demand will be, but we want to make sure we don’t get ahead of ourselves. So we indicated what we think the fourth quarter is going to be. We are building capacity to get more COVID-19 testing done.
We got plenty of capacity available for serology without adding a lot of staff, with the exception of some of the volume-based jobs, as I mentioned. And so as we get into — deeper into the fourth quarter and we get into the beginning of next year, we’ll then assess if we need to add some people. So far we’ve done some modest hiring, we’re back to full workforce and we’re watching it, frankly, daily. And we want to make sure we don’t add people before we need them.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So we don’t have any proactive plans to add resources, Ricky. We’re going to continue to monitor demand in our business and we have the flexibility, generally, to [Indecipherable] a fairly short window as volumes move in one direction or the other. So I can confirm, no plans yet in expense base in Q4 in anticipation of anything next year at this point.
Operator
Next question is from…
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
And interesting enough is the last point is we do have this natural hedge on this as despite where we are with the economy, we still have attrition, it’s still one of our job. So we’re, in some places, still trying to keep up. There are other options for people, particularly with some of our non-exempt deployment jobs and therefore, if things turn down, we could carefully turn off or stick it as well.
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator, next question?
Operator
Next question is from Ralph Giacobbe from Citi. Your line is now open.
Ralph Giacobbe — Citi — Analyst
Great, thanks, good morning.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Good morning, Ralph.
Ralph Giacobbe — Citi — Analyst
I want to go back to the — morning. I want to go back to the sort of reimbursement comments and then specifically in your prepared remarks on the CMS reimbursement tweak and it removing an overhang, I guess, I just want to be clear on what the expectation is now sort of post the PHA period, assuming you meet those turnaround time. Does it sustain the $100 level? Am I sort of interpreting that right or not? And then second piece is related just post that PHA period, my understanding is the commercial rate for COVID will leave the default to your contracted rate or there is a rate negotiation that takes place. Is that correct and then how should we think of that commercial rate off the $100 baseline? Thank you.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. So let me start with where we saw some uncertainty, and therefore the words we used, overhang. First of all, for this year, we had some uncertainty, as you know, in the third quarter about the the emergency — the emergency order that’s in place and that was extended to October. We are hopeful that the rate would continue at $100 and it’s our expectation, given that the new rate changes with the incentive that we’ve outlined will take place on January, therefore we’re assuming $100 for reimbursement for the remainder of this year. But up until we heard this, there were some uncertainty about 2020.
And then secondly, in 2021, remember the original rate was at $51 and it went up to $100, and so therefore the new reimbursement that’s being spoke of, the guidance is if you get the turnaround times of two days, you’re at a $100, if you don’t, it’s $75. So that removed some of that uncertainty of it going — reverting back to where it was before we got the bump from $51 to $100. So, Mark, you want to take it on the commercial side?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, generally, it’s a renegotiation, Ralph. We have provisions in our contracts for new tests and certainly the high throughput COVID-19 molecular test is one of those. So there is no provision for default automatically to any sort of relationship to CMS or what have you. We had to negotiate that, we were highly successful in getting it to match CMS’s rates. But certainly, as we go forward, we’re going to have to continue to talk to our commercial payers and negotiate. There’s no set answer at this point where commercial reimbursement might go.
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator, next question?
Operator
Next question is from Jack Meehan, Nephron Research. Your line is now open.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Jack. Good morning.
Jack Meehan — Nephron Healthcare Investment Research — Analyst
Hey, good morning. So I wanted to dig in a little bit on the commentary around core volumes. Just a clarification first. I think you said the core was down mid single-digits. Does that include M&A? Just to bridge versus the monthly commentary. And then as you look out to 2021, do you think routine demand can return to the pre-COVID baseline, or is there some reason why you think it might struggle to get back to 100%?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
So the core volumes, I want to be clear, for the quarter, were mid-to-high single-digits,with an improvement from July and August and then fairly flat in September and that was an apples and apples comparison. So M&A puts those core volumes at a better place and then also some of the new PLS deals. But we didn’t want to confound utilization by just reporting the base business. We wanted you to understand kind of the apples to apples almost same-store analysis. And that’s the one where we’re down mid to slightly higher single-digits for the full quarter.
In terms of next year, like everybody else, we’re trying to figure out how quickly things might recover and to what extent, we’re looking at all the same reports you are. Given the continued slightly down, maybe, utilization, given the potential for the economy to have impact on utilization and other uncertainties, at this point, we’re not expecting any time soon to get the base volume back to the pre-pandemic levels. But with that said, it doesn’t mean it couldn’t happen. We’re just not, at this point. assuming it. And while we haven’t given guidance for 2021, we wanted to just give some of our initial thinking, but obviously when we come out with guidance, we’re going to give you very specific around what those assumptions are and at that point, we’ll have a lot more information.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, so color around — we’ve got variation around geography and around clinical franchises. So by way of example, New York City has still not recovered. And we have four [Phonetic] business in New York. So if you look at the percentage overall, it’s affected by New York not recovering and some of the parts of the country are fully recovered. So we’re watching that carefully and we’re watching it by city, and if things change by city or state, we’ll then understand the consequence of that.
And then, separately, is we’ve got some clinical franchises that are back to pre-pandemic levels, but we still have some idlers. We have our prescription drug monitoring business which is still below pre-pandemic levels. So if you look at it from a couple of different dimensions, you’re going to understand why we’re below pre-pandemic and then what it takes to get to — get back to where we were going into 2020 and potentially get above it. It will require some of these areas to get back to normal levels that we saw in the winter months before we had the pandemic in March.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And to Steve’s point, there is a lot of complexity. We actually do have some geographies that are growing year-over-year, and then we have something like — and it’s really Manhattan. And if you look at Long Island, you look at Westchester County, you look at New Jersey right outside Manhattan, they’re in much better shape than Manhattan is and we aren’t sure whether that has anything to do with physician offices and so on. We think it might be New York commuters, they’re going into the city, they’re getting their work done elsewhere instead of while they’re at work during the day. But certainly we don’t have any specific information on that at this point.
Operator
Next question is from Erin Wright with Credit Suisse. Your line is now open.
Erin Wright — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Hey.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Erin.
Erin Wright — Credit Suisse — Analyst
Hi. So overall, how are you thinking about the competitive dynamics between the point-of-care rapid testing capabilities in your COVID offering or should we be thinking about it as testing to get testing in this sort of environment? And then I guess a broader question here too, how are you thinking about consumer behavior when it comes to diagnostic testing in a post-COVID world? Will this inherently expedite some of your direct-to-consumer initiatives here? Does it change or affect any of those efforts such as QuestDirect and other consumer initiatives and will this be dramatically more meaningful from a financial perspective for you in the coming year? Thanks.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. So thanks. I’ll take — the first part is around point-of-care solutions. And as you know, there’s two point-of-care solutions. One is point-of-care diagnostic solutions that were out there for some time provided by IVD manufacturers and for all intensive purposes, they were there for a number of months and they provided a role. And then most recently, I believe you are referring to what’s happening with the antigen testing. We do believe there will be a role for antigen testing, particularly for monitoring and surveillance of a population. But we do understand, for a lot of reasons, why PCR and the return-to-the-lab model is going to continue to be the gold standard.
And one of the reasons for that, depending upon the quality of the antigen testing that might be applied, there are requirements around reflex testing to PCR for both positives and negatives. And then, also, we believe that physicians do prefer PCR testing and when we’re offering these flu respiratory panel and COVID tests, that will be a PCR. And we think with the flu season coming out that we’re going to get some demand for it as well. So we believe that the antigen testing will be a necessary part of our portfolio, and we do expect to be bringing out a solution for antigen testing as part of our services we offer, but it will be complementary to the PCR testing that we’re currently doing. And so, hopefully that provides some clarity of what we think the role will be.
And then finally on the consumer piece, we do believe that there is increased interest in our direct-to-consumer offerings, it’s for the basic testing. As you all know, a number of patients have not go to their doctors as they should. We do believe there is an opportunity for them to have their lipid — panel chat for their their cholesterol, make sure the stents are working properly, have their glucose A1c, sexually transmitted diseases. As we’ve mentioned, we brought out serology testing direct-to-consumer and most recently COVID-19 testing. We believe there is interest in a very convenient approach to getting testing and we coupled this with telehealth physician consult as part of our service.
And we do believe, going forward, there’s going to be increased demand for telehealth in terms of its role in our business overall. And then, secondly is testing and getting that either indirectly through QuestDirect or getting that through a telehealth provider as well. And we’re very well positioned in that regard with our relationships with telehealth companies, but also with QuestDirect. Before the pandemic, we kicked this program off and so we have a nice platform that’s been building up volume and we feel that there’s going to be more opportunities in front of us as this demand, given the circumstances, continue to have a lot of interest for consumers.
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator, next question?
Operator
Next question is from Donald Hooker from KeyBanc. Your line is now open.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Don.
Donald Hooker — KeyBanc Capital Markets — Analyst
Great. Good morning. Good morning.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Good morning.
Donald Hooker — KeyBanc Capital Markets — Analyst
So there’s a lot being talked about here, a lot of topics, but one thing that jumped out to me in your prepared remarks was the record bookings in PLS. And I was wondering if — I mean, if it’s possible to sort of maybe size or scope that, and I suspect I know why that might be the case, but I’d also love you to — to hear your perspective on what you think is going on there. Does it speaks to maybe the health of the hospital environment as well?
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, well, we’re encouraged. As I mentioned in my prepared remarks, the hospital business is actually growing again versus last year and that’s encouraging, and that’s without COVID-19. So that’s an encouraging trend. We see hospital back in business. And we’re seeing the testing that you would expect from those hospitals and we’re doing well in that marketplace. And this is where we traditionally call it our reference testing business. And, in addition to this, over the years, we have built up a Professional Lab Services business. This isn’t just a new program. We’ve been working on this for over five or six years, and we’ve built up a nice portfolio of referenceable accounts and that’s serving us well. And so we are carrying a number of long term multi-year contracts this year that will provide growth for us in ’21 for certain.
And we see continued growing interest from integrated delivery systems on how we can operate with their lab strategy. As you know, many of these hospital systems are having a difficult time through the pandemic and now speaking with many of the CEOs and actually I had a conversation on Tuesday with one, they’re looking at variety of options to get more efficient, get more effective. And one of the areas that we’ve talked about for years and I think it’s going to keep building momentum is walking in and having a conversation around their lab strategy, which includes the reference testing, the sophisticated testing we send out, how we can help save their money for their acute care laboratory, and then it does beget the question of what they do with their outreach business and in some cases they sell that to us. And that’s what we did with Memorial Hermann this year, with MACL, and we see more and more prospects.
So it continues to receive strong interest. This year was, really at the end of the year, were bookings and we will see that in the growth in ’21. So, Mark, anything you’d like to add to that?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, just, Don, as you know, we don’t generally prospectively announce the size of a contract. But what we will see as we report our quarterly results and we talk about our organic growth and where it’s coming from, the PLS contributions, so certainly, moving forward, you’re going to see the evidence of what Steve just talked about, and some of these very large bookings and deals that we’re just starting to implement and that will accelerate our growth into 2021.
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator, next question?
Operator
Next question is from Kevin Caliendo with UBS. Your line is now open.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Kevin.
Kevin Caliendo — UBS — Analyst
Hey, guys. I have a sort of a two-part question here. I guess I don’t understand why you expect COVID volumes to sort of be down from your current levels, given COVID is likely to increase. We’re already seeing the outbreaks sort of 4Q. And — but even if they are, let’s just say it’s 90 versus the 100 sort of pace that we’re at now, the margin assumption for 4Q is still meaningfully lower. I mean, maybe Ricky was asking about this earlier. But are there any additional cost? Is it bonuses or anything that maybe you’re going to do in the fourth quarter that you didn’t do a year ago that would suggest the margin sequentially falling, given your guidance?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
So, I do not intend to imply that PCR volumes will be reduced in Q4. We’ve — actually the midpoint of the guidance assumes it stays where it is, where we are right now. And as I shared, through the first couple of weeks of October, we’re actually slightly ahead of the midpoint of guidance. So I wanted to clarify that. In terms of margin, really nothing of significance. We did have, in Q3, a significant catch-up expense on our bonus. As I’m sure you can imagine, early in the year, we were projecting to significantly miss our targets, and then Q3 really reversed that and got us to a point where we’re expecting to exceed our targets. And so in Q4, we would just have — assuming we deliver the Q4 proportion of that. So, actually there was, in Q3, a significant incremental expense to catch up our bonuses that are not going to be repeated in Q4.
So there is nothing of huge significance, other than there are some of the cost actions that Steve referenced that we reinstated to normalcy. So we did have some reductions in July on salaries, and so in Q4, those will be pulled into where they were pre-pandemic. And then we did reinstate the 401(K) match late in Q3 and that will be fully reinstated in Q4. So there are a couple of, I’d call it, headwinds, but those are really just replacing us to pre-pandemic levels and then normally in Q4, we just have some other margin pressures, given the holidays and some other things that we managed, but nothing of note.
And, finally, there are — there is a small amount of incremental investment. I referenced some of the things that we’re doing around supporting our consumer business. We want to continue to build that business. We think it’s going to be increasingly important. And so we do have the opportunity, given our business performance, to invest and so there is a little bit of commercial investment in our consumer business in Q4, that’s a step-up from where it’s been in Q3.
Operator
Next question is from…
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator?
Operator
Yes. Pito Chickering from Deutsche Bank. Your line is now open.
Pito Chickering — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Good morning, guys. Thank you for taking my questions.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Pito.
Pito Chickering — Deutsche Bank — Analyst
Two quick ones for you. Now that you’re more experienced with the Preferred Lab Networks. what levers do you think plays a bigger impact with changing consumer behavior? Is it the zero co-pays for the consumer or is it the lower admin burden from the referral sources? And also a quick follow-up on the core organic volumes. You mentioned seeing geographic pressure in New York City. Is geographic weakness a primary driver that you’re seeing across your book of business or is it a more broad-based specialties like pain and tox haven’t recovered yet? Thanks so much.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. So we continue to work on our relationship with UnitedHealthcare. As we said in ’19, we’ve made some really good progress of picking up share related to PLN. We had a lot of things to do in the fall of 2019 with — related to employers. There were a lot of pockets and pre-authorization work and then we really felt good about January and February. We actually did see a nice progression of our volumes. And then we had the pandemic in March. So we continue to work those programs. As a matter of fact, this week we’re spending time with United on this and we continue to work on everything we can do to move more of their lab purchases to the PLN, and obviously, specifically to us. And there’ll be other programs that we’re working with them by geography, by state, to be able to make sure that employers and patients and integrated delivery systems understand the value of what we deliver.
And, remember, if you go back to where we started, we believe that by the improvement in an access with United, with Verizon, and Anthem, and Georgia, this was the time of our last Investor Day, we reported about a $4 billion opportunity in market, and we believe that we should be able to get about 25% of that. And we received some of that in 2019. And we believe there is more opportunity in front of us. So, what we can share with you is we continue that work in 2020 and we do expect it will continue to help us pick up some shares in ’21 to accelerate that growth.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And, I just want to remind everyone, Pito, that, the zero out-of-pocket still has a ways to go. So they started with their fully insured small plan and then expanded it and then it is going to go out to the sponsored plans. Obviously, they have to market it to the employers who are paying those bills. And the good news is we’re collaborating with them on that, and trying to demonstrate how that will save the employers a lot of money. So, to this point, most of the movement has been through other activities, things that they have done to encourage physicians to stop using out-of-network providers, having us go in and show them the benefit of moving that lab into us, as a PLN member. But still a lot of runway in front of us in terms of how that might benefit these.
Lower burden is really just a new thing. They were putting in some pretty significant requirements around some of the higher cost testing and they realized that — two things, one is that the PLN members didn’t really have more responsible panels or approach to clinical testing. The second thing is, obviously, we have good prices compared to some of the other providers. And we’ve mentioned in the past that some of the managed Medicaid payers, outside of United, has used this approach in, specifically, toxicology to drive better value. They were — with toxicology exploding over the last couple of years, they put in some very tight restrictions on utilization and seeing that the national labs tend to do this responsibly and have better prices, they exempted us from that pre-op. So not only does it make it easier on physicians and patients, but it tends to steer more work to us because the administrative volume is lower. So United see that in the same areas where they’re trying to control some of the growth in high-cost testing, but that benefit to us is to come yet.
Operator
Next question is from Matt Larew with William Blair. Your line is now open.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Matt.
Matt Larew — William Blair & Company — Analyst
Good morning. We’re in the early weeks of the traditional flu season, so I had a couple of questions. First, what are your expectations going in with respect to potentially higher vaccine rates or social distancing? And what are you hearing from physicians about approaches to flu versus potentially flu COVID our flu RSV COVID combos in symptomatic versus asymptomatic? And then what are you hearing about with respect to reimbursement on those combo offerings versus the individual and likes? Thanks.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah. So, Matt, we’re watching that carefully. We believe that when somebody present themselves with symptoms, they want to rule out COVID. And we believe that PCR testing will be the option. And as we’ve mentioned, we brought out a new solution, which we feel really good about. With a single swap, you can test for influenza, you can also test for other viral and bacterial issues. And that is going to be very convenient for physicians just to quickly diagnose and then treat the patients effectively.
Now, what you bring up, we’re watching it carefully. It’s — with all of us being socially distanced and all of us doing a better job of hygiene and schools not being entirely back in procession, it might actually lower the infection rate this year. But we’re not certain of that. And so, we’re watching that. So, Mark, you want to talk about reimbursement for some of the…
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yes. It’s still to be determined, basically, for reference CPT code 87631, which is the respiratory multiplex panel with 3 to 5 targets is $142 today, 87632 which is — with 6 to 11 targets is at $218 and then 87631 reflux with 12 to 25 targets is $416 [Phonetic]. So still to be determined exactly where we come out on this, still have negotiations with the commercial payers, but at least we could reference, in the past, for some of these multiplex panels. The reimbursement is reasonable.
Shawn Bevec — Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator, next question?
Operator
Next question is from Brian Tanquilut, your line is now open, from Jefferies.
Brian Tanquilut — Jefferies & Co. — Analyst
Hey, good morning guys, and congrats on the good…
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Brian.
Brian Tanquilut — Jefferies & Co. — Analyst
Good morning. I guess my question for you guys, you talked about serology and how that plays into the 2021 outlook. How are you thinking about the ramp of that and what are the conversations right now with payers and potential coverage or likely coverage for serology once the vaccine’s out?
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, we’re doing our share of serology running around 10,000 per day. We’ve got plenty of capacity in front of us. We believe it’s going to play an increasingly important role as we get into 2021 as a vaccine becomes available. We’re actively engaged with those pharmaceutical companies that are doing the trials for the vaccine, trying to understand where we might play a role or we’ll play a role either with the vaccine or post vaccine. Serology has a role there. We’re also doing some serology population health testing. We’ve done some work for states and we’re doing work for the CDC. And we believe that that work will continue to get — to have a good handle on what is happening with the progression of the disease and you have an early warning signal if they’re moving in the wrong direction.
So more to come. We’re working through that. We do believe it’s going to be a growing and bigger opportunity in ’21, and more visibility of that as we understand where the vaccine is, understand the progression of where we are with the pandemic and then also, we will be bringing new solutions out to the marketplace that will provide more and more utility around serology. And more to come on that, but we’re working on the science, and we believe there’s going to be more we can do to contribute towards the pandemic as we go in time, particularly, as we see how the pandemic progresses.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And in terms of discussion with the payers, it’s still early, Brian. There’s just not clarity around the exact role that’s serology is going to play, and while we believe there is going to be an important role, it’s not at a point where we are in detailed discussions with the payers yet.
Operator
Next question is from Derik de Bruin with Bank of America. Your line is now open.
Derik de Bruin — Bank of America Securities — Analyst
Hey, great, thanks for fitting me in. Just a question — a quick question on the impact on the business from pooling. How much of your — how much of the samples are being pooled right now and what are the economics on that and the reimbursement for that? I mean, how much is your cost savings, and I guess how much of the volumes do you think can ultimately be pooled? I mean, realizing the fact is, you’ve got to have low pandemic areas to do that. Just your thoughts on that for the business.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, sure. So, remember, we talked about 200,000 tests per day for capacity and we’re currently — resulted in the third quarter, about 100,000 per day. Roughly 20% to 25% of that volume is done on what we call our LDTs. And that’s where we’ve been leveraging the pooling capability. It’s particularly useful, and has good improvements in productivity and efficiency where you have low prevalence populations. Because when you do the pooling, when one well lights up, you have to test for that well, and you get up to 14%, 15% positivity rates in locations. The math doesn’t work out anymore. So we’re applying it in the right way. It’s primarily around our LDT portion of our capacity. And what I mentioned in earlier comment was, we’re looking at applying that to our IVD platforms as well. And that will be helpful while moving our capacity from 200,000 up to 250,000.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And, just to remind everyone, as Steve said, the efficiency is really highly dependent on the positivity rate. And, well, we do save on reagents, it’s not an order of magnitude less expensive. The real economic benefit of pooling comes from capacity increase. So that our ability to do more testing and the margin we get on that testing, not a huge difference. There is about — but not a huge difference in the cost per individual tests that we pool.
Operator
Next question is from Lisa Gill with J.P. Morgan. Your line is now open.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Lisa. Good morning.
Lisa Gill — J.P. Morgan — Analyst
Good morning. Good morning, Steve. I just want to go back to the guidance that Mark gave or kind of preliminary thoughts for 2021 and just understand just a couple of things a little bit better. When we think about the base business, what’s your expectation around unemployment trends? And as we think about the near term, what we’ve seen in the last few months, do you think that unemployment is having any impact on your core volumes? And then secondly, when we think about COVID and we think about PCR testing persisting into 2021, do we think about that just in the first part of the year? And when we think about a potential vaccine, what are your thoughts around PCR testing? I understand your comments around serology. But how do we think about PCR testing playing into a vaccine?
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Mark, you want to start with ’21 comments? The economy?
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So, Lisa, it’s hard to know specifically what’s driving the dampened utilization. Certainly, things have opened up a lot more than they were in the spring. So whereas physician offices were closed, I think there was a huge fear in a large part of the population around engaging with the healthcare system at all because of the risk potentially of catching COVID when you went into the physician office. And, while, I wouldn’t suggest that’s eliminated, certainly that has improved dramatically. So there is some overhang left there, certainly, but the unemployment rate is probably a contributor right now. We don’t know for certain. And we wouldn’t expect that to change dramatically, certainly, in the next six months and who knows how long before it might turnaround.
So we’re being cautious around our thinking for next year, and we wanted to share that. Obviously, people will form their own opinions, but we don’t — we would expect unemployment to have some dampening on utilization going into next year. In terms of the COVID volumes, we haven’t modeled and we haven’t given guidance for ’21, but maybe three, six months ago, some of us had hoped that COVID might be behind us this calendar year. Clearly, that does not look like it’s going to happen, but all this depends on how quickly the vaccines get rolled out, how effective they are and even once they get rolled out, we see a role. So whether it’s a level of testing we’re seeing today or something a little less, we expect there to be a meaningful amount of COVID testing, including the PCR testing, throughout a reasonable part of next year.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, just to add to that, remember, with the economy, and we saw this back in the Great Recession that whatever happens with the economy, will affect access. And so, access is important to us. And the insurance buzz is [Indecipherable] consumer confidence and we know a large portion of population is paying for — from their own pocket and therefore they are going to pay twice they’re utilizing there. So we are thinking about that as we think about modeling ’21.
Now, with that said, if you look at where we are with our base business versus where it was, when you think about the math of the full year, it should be an easy comparison, as Mark said in his comments about ’21. Even if it’s down versus ’19, just to look at the comparison of what the full year will be for ’20 versus ’21, given where we are right now, that makes for an easy comparison. And as far as PCR, remember, we brought out our first PCR test on March 9, and we’ve been ramping rapidly. So we have not had a full year of PCR. We’re giving our stride, we’re building capacity because we do anticipate more demand.
Winter is coming and we’re all anticipating more demand as we enter the winter, clearly, in the first quarter and then we’ll start to see hopefully some of the vaccines. As we all know, those won’t be broadly deployed immediately and the pandemic and the virus will be with us for a large portion of ’21. And so if you think about the full year of ’21 for COVID-19 versus what we did in 2020, there’s still going to be a lot of volume for testing and you have the full 12 months versus essentially a half year for PCR. in 2020. So something to think about as you do your models.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. And, to Steve’s point, for this year, based on our guidance expectations, we see our base volume down organically in the high-teens. So even if it’s down a couple of hundred basis points in 2021, it will still be an easy compare for the full year.
Operator
Last question is from Mike Newshel with Evercore ISI. Your line is now open.
Michael Newshel — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Thank you.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Hey, Mike.
Michael Newshel — Evercore ISI — Analyst
Going back to the geographic differences on the core volume rebound you mentioned. Just wondering if you’re seeing fluctuations tied specifically to whether new COVID outbreaks, like is there patient behavior changing and affecting the core business when cases spike and recede or is the variation is more correlated to how far along local economies aren’t reopening? Is there a volatility to local level or is it just some states are bouncing back faster than others?
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Yeah, well, it’s by states and really the big four states. California shut down first and we saw a steady rebound, they’re still not back to pre-pandemic levels, particularly in some of the large cities like LA. If you go into Texas, we actually saw a good rebound in Texas. We have a big presence in Texas, both in Houston and Dallas and despite some of the flare-ups we saw in the summer, they still continue to be in the range of where we were pre-pandemic. If you look at Florida, it went down in the spring into the summer, there’s still issues in Florida, they’re still not where they were pre-pandemic. And then if you go to the Northeast, New York and if you go into Boston and Connecticut, actually, we’ve seen some nice steady recovery with the exception of, as we’ve indicated earlier, New York City, but specific to the Borough of Manhattan. We still have a ways to go to recover there.
So we’re watching those, specifically related to infection rates. But what we have said is some of the flare-ups is interesting enough, like in the State of Texas and Florida in the summer months. It did not have as negative of a consequence to our base business as we saw back in the spring. And so we’re watching it carefully. But so far, we’re getting there. And then again, accounted for the clinical franchise element of this, there’s some portion of the volume effects that are related to the specific businesses like prescription drug monitoring and there is other issues related to what it takes to get those back to pre-pandemic levels that are not related to the geography at all.
Mark J. Guinan — Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I can say they’re precisely negatively correlated, but actually, that would be my representation. The areas with the lowest positivity rates like New York actually are down the most. So, as you know, we haven’t seen a huge parallel movement between spikes in COVID over the last several months and a current downturn of utilization, it actually has kind of gone in the opposite direction.
Stephen H. Rusckowski — Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Okay, so thank you all for your questions. We appreciate your support on this call today and in general and we wish you all a great day.
Operator
Thank you for participating in the Quest Diagnostics third quarter 2020 conference call. Transcript of prepared remarks on this call will be posted later today on Quest Diagnostics’ website at www.QuestDiagnostics.com. A replay of the call may be accessed online at www.QuestDiagnostics.com/investor or by phone at 1800-337-6568 for domestic callers or 402-220-9660 for international callers. Telephone replays will be available from approximately 10:30 AM Eastern Time on October 22, 2020 until midnight Eastern Time, November 5, 2020. Thank you and goodbye.