American Express Co (AXP) Q1 2021 Earnings Call Transcript

American Express Co (NYSE: AXP) Q1 2021 earnings call dated Apr. 23, 2021.

Corporate Participants:

Vivian Zhou — Head of Investor Relations

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

Analysts:

Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst

Craig Maurer — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Mark DeVries — Barclays — Analyst

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Mihir Bhatia — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst

Meng Jiao — Deutsche Bank — Analyst

Bill Carcache — Wolfe Research — Analyst

Ryan Nash — Goldman Sachs — Analyst

Jamie Friedman — Susquehanna International Group — Analyst

Robert Napoli — William Blair — Analyst

Richard Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst

Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst

Presentation:

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. Welcome to the American Express Q1 2021 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions]. Later we will conduct a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions]. I would now like to turn the call over to our host, Head of Investor Relations, Ms. Vivian Zhou. Please go ahead.

Vivian Zhou — Head of Investor Relations

Thank you, Alan, and thank you all for joining today’s call. As a reminder, before we begin, today’s discussion contains forward-looking statements about the Company’s future business and financial performance. These are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements are included in today’s presentation slides and in our reports on file with the SEC.

The discussion today also contains non-GAAP financial measures. The comparable GAAP financial measures are included in this quarter’s earnings materials as well as the earnings materials for the prior periods we discussed. All of these are posted on our website at ir.americanexpress.com. We will begin today with Steve Squeri, Chairman and CEO, who will start with some remarks about the Company’s progress and results; and then Jeff Campbell, Chief Financial Officer, will provide a more detailed review of our financial performance.

After that, we will move to a Q&A session on the results with both Steve and Jeff. With that, let me turn it over to Steve.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Thanks Vivian, and hello everyone. We appreciate you joining us for today’s call. Earlier this morning, we reported first quarter revenues of $9.1 billion and earnings per share of $2.74. I’m pleased to say that our overall core business performance was slightly better than our expectations with credit performance continuing to be best-in-class. And we’re especially encouraged about the progress we’re making toward our aspiration of returning to the original EPS expectations we had for 2020 and 2022.

As I discussed in January, we are looking at 2021 as a transition year where our focus is on investing to rebuild growth momentum by firing up our core business, scaling next horizon opportunities, while continuing to retain financial flexibility. And while I feel good about our results for the quarter, what I feel really good about is the progress we’re making to rebuild momentum.

When we talk about firing up, we’re looking for meaningful progress in four areas. Spending volumes coming back to pre-pandemic levels, bringing new customers into the franchise, retaining and deepening relationships with our current customers and signing up additional merchants. We’re making good progress in all these areas. Overall spending on American Express cards in Q1 continued the sequential improvements we saw through the last two quarters of 2020. U.S. volumes exceeded our expectations in the quarter and spending in March from U.S. consumer and small business — small and medium sized enterprise customers was higher than March 2019 levels.

Non-U.S. volume lagged a bit due to renewed lockdowns in certain international countries. Excluding travel and entertainment categories, spending on our cards in Q1 was up 11% on an FX adjusted basis versus 2019 levels. This marked the third straight quarter of positive growth. And although the T&E volumes were significantly lower in the first quarter versus last year, we’ve seen a steady sequential upward trend in monthly T&E spending and a noticable improvement in recent weeks, particularly in the U.S. as the vaccine rollout accelerated.

These trends indicate that the pent-up demand for consumer travel, we’ve been talking about is real, and it increases our confidence that the domestic — that domestic consumer travel will continue to recover as the year progresses. In terms of bringing new customers into the franchise, card acquisitions are also gaining momentum and were up sequentially in the quarter globally.

In fact, new accounts acquired on key premium U.S. consumer and small business products were above 2019 levels and exceeded the prior quarters. Initial spending on these new cards is strong and the average FICO scores of these new U.S. consumer and small business card members are higher than those acquired pre-pandemic. In addition, card acquisitions in some of our largest travel co-brand portfolios have accelerated since the fourth quarter, an important indicator that travel remains an attractive category for consumers over the long term.

Another indicator of building momentum in our core business is retaining an increasing engagement with existing card members. We have a good story to tell here as well. Card member attrition on our proprietary products, which also includes our co-brands continues to be lower than in the previous years and customer satisfaction levels remain higher than pre-COVID levels. The additional value we provided on several of our premium products helped drive card member loyalty and spending in 2020 and as we believed, has been sustained into this year.

For example, 95% of U.S. Platinum Card members who took advantage of the streaming credits and 88% who used wireless credits offered last year are continuing to spend in these categories months later. We’re also seeing good engagement on the new offers we rolled out earlier in the first quarter for Platinum Card members, which includes statement credits with PayPal and other select merchants. The uptake on these offers are in line with the wireless and streaming offers we announced last year.

Overall, Card Member engagement with our digital channels and capabilities is at an all time high in most areas. For example, over 88% of our U.S. card members are making their payments digitally and 87% use our website or app for self-service. The number of Amex offers redeemed in Q1 increased five-fold versus last year’s first quarter, topping 5.3 million redemptions.

Finally, we continue to see strong adoption of Pay It Plan It, our buy now pay later feature after we recently expanded the capability to all U.S. consumer cards. Since launching Pay It Plan It, card members have created over 6 million plans totaling over $5 billion of accounts receivable. Another key driver momentum is expanding merchant coverage. In the first quarter, we continued to make progress, growing merchant coverage internationally, while maintaining our coverage levels in the U.S.

When it comes to building momentum, we aren’t just focused on the near-term. We’re also focused on scaling next horizon opportunities that will drive growth over the longer term. China represents an exciting opportunity in this regard. As you know, developing our card processing network in mainland China has been a priority for us and we’re pleased with our progress. Since getting the green light to start processing payments in China, eight months ago, we have reached mobile wallet parity coverage through our partnerships with Chinese major mobile wallet providers and to date we have added over 14 million merchants to the network at the point of sale with more to come.

A key enabler of our coverage growth in China is the progress we’re making to modernize our network, particularly in adding the capability to process debit transactions globally, which is an essential need for customers in China and helps us prepare for potential additional debit applications elsewhere. We remained focused on scaling our China business by acquiring card members through relationships we’ve established with 16 issuing partners and I look forward to sharing more highlights of our progress over the course of the year.

In our commercial business, our growth has been and will continue to be driven primarily by small and medium sized enterprises. A key element of our longer-term growth strategy for SME franchise is to deepen our relationships with current customers and attract new ones by offering a range of supplier payment and cash flow management solutions both on and beyond the card giving business owners more tools to help them manage their businesses.

Kabbage is one example of how we plan to bring this strategy to life, we’ve been focused on integrating Kabbage’s digital capabilities into our business. And in Q1, we began the rollout of the Kabbage platform, which includes a business checking account and working capital solutions to our small business customers.

In our consumer business, Resy, our online dining platform, helps drive bookings and spending at restaurants, which is a top category for our card members. When the pandemic hit, Resy quickly pivoted its value proposition for restaurant owners to help them expand their offerings and find new ways to attract customers, including enabling takeout, meal kits, family meals and virtual events. Resy also provided a number of special offers for Amex card members.

As a result of the past year, Resy has seen significant growth in engagement for both consumers and restaurants. In fact, we’ve seen a number of reservations booked on the platform more than double since December. And Amex card members who use Resy are some of our highest spending and most profitable customers. Those are just some of the examples of our progress in rebuilding our growth momentum, both in our core business and with next horizon opportunities.

Importantly, as we’ve increased our investments in both categories, we’ve also been focused on maintaining our financial strength and flexibility. We resumed share repurchases this quarter and our capital ratios continue to be well above our targets. Before I hand the call over to Jeff, I want to share some thoughts on where I see things heading in the near-term. As I sit here a little over a year since the global COVID pandemic started, I’m optimistic that the hopeful signs we’re seeing as vaccine distribution accelerates will continue and get stronger as we move through the year.

Of course, we’re still cautiously keeping an eye on the progression of the virus and its impact on local lockdowns and cross-border travel restrictions in certain areas. But there are clear indicators that the economy is improving, particularly in the U.S., and I believe this will translate into continued steady improvements for American Express.

Given all of this, we remain firmly committed to executing on our 2020 investment strategy for rebuilding growth momentum for the longer term. As I said last quarter, we’re not focused on achieving a particular EPS target this year. Instead, we’re focused on achieving our aspiration of returning to the original EPS expectations we had for 2020 and 2022, and for the Company to be positioned to execute on our financial growth algorithm going forward.

I’m encouraged by the results we’ve seen thus far in 2021, which makes me even more confident in our roadmap for achieving our 2022 aspiration. I’m particularly proud of our colleagues who have remained nimble and focused through the uncertainties of the past year. Their dedication and hard work along with the flexibility of our business model, the loyalty of our customer base, the strength of our partnerships and the value of our brand make me feel very good about the future.

Jeff will now walk you through our results and we will take questions after that.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

Well, thank you, Steve and good morning everyone. It’s good to be here today and talk about our first quarter results, which reflect the good progress towards the aspirations we have for 2022 that Steve just outlined.

As I’ve said since the beginning of the pandemic last year, the key drivers of our financial performance in this environment remain volume and credit trends along with this year, the marketing investments we are making to rebuild growth momentum. I’ll spend most of my time this morning on these topics.

But first, looking at the summary financials on Slide 3, when you consider year-over-year results, last year’s first quarter included two months of pre-pandemic results. And so as you would expect, first quarter revenues of $9.1 billion were down 13% year-over-year on an FX adjusted basis. But in contrast, while we don’t typically look at monthly results, were you to look at our revenues in just the month of March, you’d see that they were up 7% year-over-year.

Our first quarter net income was $2.2 billion and earnings per share was $2.74. Included in these results is a $1.05 billion credit reserve release due to improvements in the macroeconomic outlook and continued strong credit performance. So now, let’s get into the first key driver of our performance, volumes. Beginning with a few comments on some nomenclature changes we have made to our volume reporting. Thinking ahead on how we expect our card processing network in mainland China to grow in the coming quarters and years, we have renamed what we previously called GNS billed business as processed volumes.

Because our business model in China is unique and different from what we do with our GNS partners in other regions. We have also changed what we previously referred to as proprietary billed business to just billed business. And renamed what we used to call our overall volumes from billed business to network volumes. You will see we’ve recast prior periods in the disclosures that accompany our earnings release as well as on Appendix, Slide 27.

So with these changes in mind, moving on to our volume performance on Slide 4, we saw continued recovery across all of our volumes in the first quarter with total network and billed business volumes down 8% and 9% respectively and processed volumes down only 1%, all on an FX adjusted basis. Getting into the details of our billed business growth, which you will see several views of on Slides 5 through 10, we’ve shown first quarter trends on both a year-over-year basis and relative to 2019, in order to provide a clearer picture of how spending is recovering as we begin to lap the onset of the pandemic in March of last year.

I’d also note that the trends we’ve seen in the first two weeks of April are a continuation of the trends we saw exiting the first quarter that I’ll focus on this morning. In addition, it remains important to look at spending on travel and entertainment categories separately from spending in other categories, which we will now be calling, goods and services spending, given the very different impacts the pandemic has had on these two very different categories.

Overall, there are a few key points I’d suggest is the takeaways on volumes from all of these slides. First, there are clear signs of volume momentum that we feel good about. As you can see on Slide 5, our overall billed business volume growth continued to recover steadily throughout the months of the first quarter with the reopening of the economy and rollout of the vaccines progressing well in the U.S. and certain other geographies. Spending on goods and services, which represents the vast majority or 86% of our volumes exceeded our expectations, growing 6% year-over-year and up 11% versus 2019 in the quarter and up 15% in the month of March.

Spending on travel and entertainment also showed sequential improvement given the progress on the medical front in the U.S., further reinforcing our view that consumer and small business travel will recover over time. Second, the growth in goods and services spending has continued to improve steadily in both our consumer and commercial businesses.

In consumer, as shown on Slide 6, we continue to see strong online and card-not-present spend growth, which was up 23% year-over-year this quarter even as the recovery of offline spending accelerated, driving goods and services volumes up 7% year-over-year and 13% versus 2019. In commercial, as you can see on Slide 7, SME spending remains the most resilient across our customer types, supported by continued growth in B2B spending, which drove overall commercial spend on goods and services, up 5% year-over-year and up 8% versus 2019 in the first quarter.

Third, we are seeing a faster pace of spending recovery in the U.S. versus other regions. As shown on Slide 8, the total volumes from our U.S. consumer and SME customers are recovering faster than other customer types and were up 1% versus 2019 levels in the month of March, even with the continued drag of T&E spend not yet fully recovering.

International consumer and SME spending on the other hand is recovering more slowly due to renewed restrictions in key international geographies and the fact that historically we tend to have more travel-related spending in our international regions. And large and global corporate card spending, which historically has been primarily travel and entertainment continued to be down the most during the first quarter as we expected since this will be the last customer type to see travel recover.

Fourth, T&E spending, though still down significantly did improve steadily across all categories throughout the months of the first quarter and consumer T&E continued to recover faster than that of SMEs and large corporations as you can see on Slides 9 and 10. We expect this trend to continue, given the pent-up demand to travel that we see in our consumer base and the positive early signs of domestic travel recovery that we see in the U.S. as the vaccine rollout progresses. So to sum up on spending volumes, we feel good about the steady growth we are seeing in goods and services spending and we expect it to continue to grow throughout 2021.

On T&E spending, the trends we’ve seen in the first quarter are encouraging and give us more confidence in our current assumption that by Q4, T&E spending will have recovered to around 70% of its Q4 2019 levels led by recovery in U.S. consumer domestic travel. Turning next to the other key volume driver, receivable and loan balances on Slide 11, receivable balances were down 4% sequentially and 6% year-over-year in the first quarter, in line with spending volumes.

Loan balances, however, were down 5% sequentially and 13% year-over-year, more than spending volumes as we continue to see the liquidity and strength amongst our customer base, leading to higher pay down rates which relates to the very strong credit performance, I’ll talk about in just a moment.

Looking forward, I would expect the recovery in loan balances to continue to lag the recovery in spending volumes. So turning next to our second key driver, credit and provision on Slides 12 through 16. As you flip through these slides, there were a few key points I’d like you to take away. We continue to see extremely strong credit performance with Card Member loans and receivables write off dollars excluding GCP down 53% and 82% year-over-year respectively as you can see on Slide 12.

We attribute this performance to our robust risk management practices, the premium nature of our customer base, as well as the unprecedented level of government stimulus and forbearance programs. Clearly, macroeconomic forecast have improved over the last 90 days, as you can see on Slide 13.

However, we still have two very different macroeconomic forecast scenarios and we continued to put significant weight on the downside scenario in the modeling we did to calculate our first quarter credit reserves. The impact of the improvement in the set of macroeconomic assumptions on our reserve models, coupled with the sequential decline in loan and receivables balances and our strong credit performance led us to release $1.05 billion of reserves.

This reserve release and our extremely low write-offs drove a provision expense benefit of $675 million in the first quarter, as shown on Slide 14. That said, the balances enrolled in our financial relief programs are still $2.1 billion higher than they were pre-pandemic, as you can see on Slide 15. In the coming quarters, we will see how the card members exiting our financial relief programs will perform. That will be an important milestone for us, but I would observe that all of the early exit performance indicators have looked quite strong.

There also continues to be some uncertainty in the medical environment and the vaccine rollout and we’ll have to see how that plays out. And so we continue to hold a significant amount of reserves. Slide 16 shows you this and that we ended the first quarter with $4.8 billion of reserves representing 6.4% of our loan balances and 0.5% of our Card Member receivable balances respectively.

Moving on to our third key driver. Marketing investments to rebuild growth momentum on Slide 17. We invested $1 billion in marketing in the first quarter as we continue to ramp up new card acquisitions while maintaining our value injection efforts. We acquired 2.1 million new cards in the first quarter up around 20% sequentially.

Importantly, the number of new accounts we acquired on our premium fee-based products was up 35% versus Q4, with acquisition volumes on many of our premium U.S. consumer and small business products exceeding 2019 levels. As Steve mentioned, in 2021, our focus is on rebuilding growth momentum and maximizing our investments to do so. As a result, we continue to expect to spend a little over $4.5 billion in marketing this full year.

Our ultimate marketing investment levels will be governed by the universe of attractive investment opportunities and the pace at which we wind down our value injection efforts as our customers begin again to experience the full benefits of our existing value propositions. So, what do our three key drivers mean for our financial performance this quarter? As I said earlier, year-over-year revenues on Slides 18 and 19 are impacted by the prior year quarter, including two pre-pandemic months. So first quarter revenues were down 13% year-over-year on an FX adjusted basis, primarily driven by volume declines impacting net discount revenue and net interest income, as well as declines in travel related revenues and delinquencies impacting other commissions and fees and other revenues.

Net card fees however grew 10% year-over-year in the first quarter as you can see on Slide 20. Demonstrating the impact of the strong continued Card Member engagement that Steve discussed. Looking forward, I expect the growth rate of net card fees will slow for a few more quarters, driven by our decision last year to pull back on new card acquisitions as we were managing through the peak of uncertainty during the beginning of the pandemic. Given the renewed momentum, we are now beginning to see in new card acquisitions, I would expect net card fee growth to then re-accelerate.

Moving on to net interest income on Slide 21, you see that net interest income declined 22% year-over-year on an FX adjusted basis while the primary driver of this is the decline in loan volumes. Net interest yield on our Card Member loans also decreased 60 basis points due to the higher pay down rates from revolving Card Members on our credit card products. Looking forward, I expect the recovery in net interest income to lag the recovery in loan volumes.

Volumes are also the primary driver of the discount revenue trends you see on Slide 22. As expected though, the contraction in discount revenue continued to be a bit larger than the decline in billed business. The average discount rate declined 8 basis points year-over-year driven by the greater declines we saw in T&E spending, where we on average earn higher discount rates.

The year-over-year erosion in the first quarter is a bit less than in Q4, due to the recovery in T&E spending throughout the quarter that I spoke about earlier. Looking forward, we still expect that if T&E spending recovers to around 70% of 2019 levels by Q4 as I mentioned previously, you probably see overall revenue growth of around 9% to 10% for full year 2021. And if T&E recovers more slowly or quickly, you could see full year revenue growth that’s somewhat lower or higher than that 9% or 10%.

Moving on to expenses, we are continuing to breakout on Slide 23 our variable customer engagement expenses which moved naturally in line with spend volumes and benefits usage and marketing and opex, which are driven by management decisions. Variable customer engagement expenses in total were down 10% year-over-year. Relative to the past few quarters, we did experience higher usage of travel related benefits and rewards, which we see as a clear sign of the pent-up demand, we’ve been talking about.

Looking forward, a good way to think about these variable customer engagement expenses is that I’d expect them to be about 40% of our total revenues for the next few quarters. Moving on to operating expenses, you can see that they were down 10% year-over-year in the first quarter, primarily driven by a few sizable gains in our Amex Ventures equity investment portfolio, partially offset by some higher deferred and other compensation expenses.

In 2021, we still expect our operating expenses to be around $11.5 billion below 2019 levels as we continue to keep tight control over our operating expenses while also investing to rebuild growth momentum. Turning next to capital and liquidity. On Slide 23, our capital and liquidity positions remain tremendously strong. Our CET1 ratio increased to 14.8% in the first quarter, our highest level since we began reporting this ratio. And our cash and investment balance ended the quarter at $61.5 billion, far above our target levels driven by the shrinkage in our balance sheet over the past year.

We resumed share repurchases in the first quarter, repurchasing 3.3 million shares, and we remain committed to our dividend distribution and to our long-term CET1 target ratio of 10% to 11%. In Q2, we plan to repurchase shares up to the maximum amount permitted under the Fed authorized capacity of around $900 million.

Looking forward, our capital distributions will be a function of the Fed’s guidelines, our capital generation, and the growth in our balance sheet. So let’s close by talking about what the signs of momentum we saw in Q1 might mean for the future. In January, I laid out two scenarios of potential outcomes for 2021 that were primarily based on what happens with credit reserves.

Our original Scenario one or low scenario assumed a much worse medical and economic environment this year and that we would not release any credit reserves in the year. Now, three months into the year, the macro outlook has improved and credit performance has remained very strong. So we’ve already released $1.05 billion of reserves. This still leaves us however, with a lot of credit reserves we built due to economic uncertainty.

So our updated Scenario one on Slide 25 assumes that this uncertainty persists, that the medical and economic environment does not improve further, and that we therefore do not release any additional credit reserves this year. Such an economic outcome would likely put some pressure on our current assumption of a 70% T&E recovery by Q4 and likely drive a somewhat weaker revenue recovery. The combination of these things could lead to an EPS outcome as low as around $6 per share.

Our updated Scenario 2 in contrast, assumes that we continue to see strong credit performance and a steady improvement in the economic outlook, leading to less uncertainty and having no need to maintain our current level of credit reserves. This sort of economic outcome would also likely drive a somewhat stronger revenue recovery in line with the 9% to 10% revenue growth assumption, I spoke about earlier.

In this scenario, our 2021 EPS could be as high as $7.50. More importantly, in either scenario, as I said earlier, our marketing investment levels will be governed by the universe of attractive investment opportunities that we see not by a focus on any specific EPS outcome for 2021. What we are focused on is managing the Company to rebuild growth momentum and achieving our aspiration of being back to the original EPS expectations that we had for 2020 and 2022, and for the Company to be positioned to execute on its financial growth algorithm beyond 2022.

And with that, I’ll turn the call back over to Vivian.

Vivian Zhou — Head of Investor Relations

Thank you, Jeff. Before we open up the lines for Q&A, I will ask those in the queue to please limit yourself to just one question. Thank you for your cooperation. And with that, the operator will now open up the line for questions. Alan?

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Thank you. [Operator Instructions]. Our first question will come from the line of Don Fandetti with Wells Fargo. Go ahead.

Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst

[Technical Issues] in March versus 2019.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Hey, Don. Could you start again? We missed the beginning.

Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst

Sure, no problem. So Jeff, if you look at your T&E down about 54% versus ’19 in March, and April sounds like it gained a lot of momentum. It looks like, down 30% for Q4 would be pretty conservative. How are you thinking about that and also what are your T&E assumptions as you sort of look at your ’22 aspirational guide?

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

Well, maybe I’ll start and then Steve, you might want to add a few comments. So, let me work backwards. So in 2022, we’re really assuming Don that consumer travel and entertainment spending is mostly back to where it was pre-pandemic, small business lagging that a bit and then large and global corporation travel still being well below its 2019 levels.

The other comment I would make about 2022 is domestic travel in the U.S. and around the globe will be the fuel that gets us to that level. We would still expect cross border travel to be a little weaker next year than it was in 2019, just given the likely lingering number of cross-border restrictions that you’ve seen.

As of how we feel about our Q4 assumption, look, we had a clear inflection point this quarter in the U.S. and so we feel good. But, Steve you may want to add a few comments.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

No. I think that those are — the assumptions that Jeff just went through are exactly the assumptions we have, we have in our — in our calculus here. But I think when you look at, when you look at this quarter and you look at the trends that we’re seeing, I mean, we’re seeing an increase in bookings, right. So we’re seeing our travel — our travel bookings are up 50% over the — this quarter up 50% over Q4’20. When you look at — and we look at this really carefully, when you look at February versus March, in March now, we were 50% at 2019 bookings, and that was 19%. So we were 31% in February and went to 50%. So we feel — we feel really good about that.

When we also start to really dig into the data, we start to look at sort of cohorts of spending and we’re seeing people that are younger are getting back, you know at a much higher level. Their overall T&E spending is probably about 85% to 90%, and almost 100% back to where they were in 2019 in restaurants.

And then when we look at older people, as they get vaccinated, we’re seeing sequential growth month-on-month as we look at their growth. And so, if you look at just people over 45, you’re seeing an 11% increase in their overall T&E spending month to month. That’s only going to get better for us as we move along. And the last — the last thing that gives us a lot of the great hope is redemptions, is the MR redemptions. I mean, when you — when you go back and look at sort of MR redemptions that we had, our MR point redemptions in the fourth quarter for air was like 30% and it’s up to 54%.

So we are — we’re doing some, we’re doing some good things here. And our customers are doing some good things, and we’ll continue to make sure that we’re retaining these customers because they’re going to spend. And as Jeff said, our co-brand cards are doing — are doing quite well as well. So all of that leads to again in an environment that continues to improve us having a lot of confidence in hitting our 2020 — 2020 plan in 2022.

Donald Fandetti — Wells Fargo — Analyst

Got it. Thank you.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of — One moment please. We’ll go next to the line of Craig Maurer. Go ahead please.

Craig Maurer — Autonomous Research — Analyst

Yeah, hi, good morning. Thanks. Hope everybody is well. I wanted to just ask about the guide a little bit for 2021. Versus your original scenarios that you laid out with fourth quarter earnings, how much higher was the reserve release than you had envisioned? I’m trying to understand how much pull forward of reserve release benefit might have happened in first quarter because of how strong credit quality was, and the fact that lending did not accelerate.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So I think, Craig, the first comment I would make is, remember, we’re not trying to provide guidance this year. We tried to give people a couple of low and high scenarios back in January to help people think about the year and we updated in this quarter. What we are incredibly focused on is that 2022 aspiration, which we are really growing in confidence about. All that said, if you — if I take you back to January the then $5 low scenario assume that the world would be so tough this year that you would not end up releasing any credit reserves.

So we just released a $1.05 billion of reserves, that’s about $1 that takes you from $5 to $6. So your $6 assumes once again world from here is suddenly going to get really tough and you’re not going to release any more reserves. At the high end, yes, we had assumed you release some modest level of reserves, which is why the high end only went up from $7 to $7.50.

So that’s how we thought about it. I just want to close though by again emphasizing we’re not focused on any particular EPS outcome this year. We’re incredibly focused on what we’re trying to achieve for 2022.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of Mark DeVries with Barclays. Go ahead please.

Mark DeVries — Barclays — Analyst

Yeah, thanks. I think that guidance around the corporate T&E spend makes a lot of sense. But Steve, I’d be interested in getting your color on recent conversations you’re having with your large corporates on when they think they’ll feel comfortable having their employees travel more freely? You know, whether they’ll recover to pre-pandemic levels? How much substitution of virtual occurs. And then finally, just given that, do you see more upside or kind of downside to that 70% recovery level?

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

All right. So when you think about corporate, the first thing people have to do is get back into the offices, right? Because if people weren’t back into the offices, there is no where to travel to. And you’re starting to see, look, I mean, Jeff and I are in here today with 80 of our closest friends in a building that has about 5,000 people. And we’ve said we’re not going to have people really come back until after Labor Day.

You’re seeing other companies sort of gradually get back into it. So I think the step one — first step is, let’s get people back into the office and then companies are going to say, okay, how comfortable I am having visitors into the building.

And you know, my anticipation is, most companies will start opening — start the process of reopening in the United States now, July through sort of September and get to some capacity level. I mean you guys have your own situations yourselves where you’re most of you probably sitting at home today.

So I think what’s going to happen is, it’s going to be, it’s going to be slow. Which is why we really haven’t assumed a lot of corporate T&E coming back and a lot of — a lot of travel coming back. Having said that, corporate T&E takes many forms. We do have salespeople that are on out and on the road and calling on accounts, and there is car rental, and there is gas, and they are still staying at hotels and restaurants.

And so, I think for a segment of it, and I think when you look at the segment of our — let’s call them industrial corporate T&E corporate customers, they have people that are going to plants and visiting — making customer calls and so forth. I think that eventually what will happen is, investment banks and consultants are going to want to go out and meet with their clients, again.

There’s been a lot of deals that have been done, a lot of relationships that had been built. But there is nothing like in person. I just think it will take a bit of time. And look, there is also — substitution, substitution of Webex and Zoom and what have you, which is why, we’ve been talking 2023 before it gets back to 2019 levels. And I think with that assumption, we feel good about hitting that 2020 aspiration in 2022. So when you think about what goes into our assumption for 2022, you’ve got a slower return of international, you’ve got a much lower return of corporate, and yet, we’re saying we’ll be at 2020 levels.

And so, is there upside from a consumer perspective on travel? I think that all depends on the rollout of the vaccine, governments opening up their borders and things like that. I think from a domestic travel perspective, pent up — there is pent-up demand. And you know, and talking to Ed Bastian and talking to Chris Nassetta, they’ve seen a lot of bookings out upfront. I just went through some of our travel data.

So as we — as we go through this, I think what’s going to be the key thing to watch for is, how much does international travel come back from a consumer. And we’re assuming that sort of now in the second half of 2022. Okay? Not in — not really, this year. And I think the other thing you’re seeing Mark is, you’ve seeing a divergence. I mean, you see what’s going on in India right now. There’s a lot of countries that are having different results in different situations as it relates to the vaccine.

But one thing is inarguable, the more vaccine rollout, the more people feel confident, the more people feel confident, the more they will get out and spend. And that’s why I think, when you look at sort of towards the end of the second quarter into third quarter in the summer, you’re going to see people hitting the roads, you’re going to see people hitting the skies, especially in the U.S.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of Betsy Graseck with Morgan Stanley. Go ahead please.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Hi, good morning.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Hi, Betsy.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

Good morning.

Betsy Graseck — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

So my question is on the 2.1 million accounts acquired in the quarter. Maybe you could give us some color on the type of customer, age bracket, income, geography that kind of thing, and give us a sense of what’s resonating. Is it more the cash back, the T&E, the specific enhancements that you’re making on some of the programs, spend more, get more kind of points, bonus points. And a little bit on how you’re thinking about this group of new accounts that you’re acquiring and what that means for future spend trajectory and growth rates versus maybe what you were acquiring pre-pandemic if there is any compare or contrast there you can share will be great. Thanks.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Okay. Well, let me give you a — it’s probably a half-hour meeting there. But let me go through, [Indecipherable] 2.1 million new cards normally 2019 you saw us average about 2.5 million new cards.

When you look at the consumer cards, 60% of the cards we acquired were millennial or Gen Z. We saw in the pandemic, you saw more cash back cards being acquired, where there was a 35% jump in premium cards that we saw in this particular quarter, and acquisition of platinum and gold cards was well above our pre-pandemic levels.

So we feel good about that. And just to give you some sort of contrast on that, when you look at our fee-based products, it’s still a little bit lower. I mean, we’re acquiring about 60%. It was about 70% in 2019, but sequential increases have helped. We’re seeing co-brand cards come back. I mean, we talked about 90% more Delta cards acquired in this quarter than in the — than in the previous — than in the previous quarter. And we’re seeing a higher level customer. I mentioned that in my remarks. The FICO is — is a lot higher. And we’re seeing good spending.

So, we feel good about both our small business and consumer. We don’t really talk about geographic distribution and things like that. But our intent is not only to acquire cards, but we also, when we talk about it, we acquire billed business. And we’re on — we’re on track to do it from a billed business acquired perspective where we were in 2019.

So we feel good about that.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

The only thing I’d add just to make it clear Betsy is that, the sequential growth in the travel co-brands has been tremendous. They are still below where they were pre-pandemic, because you still don’t have anywhere near as many people staying at hotels or sitting on airplanes.

And so that’s what leaves us overall a little bit below the level of pre-pandemic new card acquisitions. But we’re quite confident that will come back, and once you look beyond that sector, we think we’re at great levels today.

Operator

We will go next to the line of Mahir Bhatia with Bank of America. Go ahead.

Mihir Bhatia — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst

Good morning and thank you for taking my question. I wanted to ask — dig a little bit more on the 70% by year-end T&E assumption. Is there a — it sounds like there is a mix shift between volumes there too between domestic and international weighted more towards domestic, which I think we all understand.

But maybe, is there a difference in revenue or profitability between that travel in terms of what you make? So I guess what I’m trying to ask is as T&E comes back, is the contribution to revenue maybe going to lag a little bit on the — compared to the contribution to volume, just from that mix shift? And then any update on April billing trends. Thank you.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. No. So when we report the volume, it’s the volume, and there is no — there is no different. Obviously, if people are booking first-class international tickets to Hong Kong, they cost a lot more than first class ticket for Indianapolis. But the reality is we’re giving you volume numbers. So it just means you need a lot more of those tickets to Indianapolis than you do to Hong Kong.

So, no, there isn’t. There isn’t a difference for us. We’re not giving you sort of, when we talk about volumes, we’re not giving you a number of trips booked here. What we’re doing is, we’re giving you actual volume. So we may have actually more trips. In fact, when we look at — we look at this, we look at receipt of charges and transactions basically, so we may have more transactions in air. And you may have lower dollar. But that doesn’t — that doesn’t mean anything to our margins.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

The only thing I’d add Mahir is, when you look at our other revenue and other fee and commission lines, there is some dollars in there that do come from cross border travel. And as we think about the 2022 aspiration, we don’t actually expect that to be fully back to 2019 levels in 2022. We don’t need it to be to hit our 2022 aspirations. I’d actually put that in the category of things Steve talked about earlier, that even beyond ’22 there is still probably a couple of remaining tailwinds as the last of cross-border travel and corporate travel begin to come back to 2019 levels post 2022.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of Meng Jiao with Deutsche Bank. Go ahead please.

Meng Jiao — Deutsche Bank — Analyst

Hey, thanks for taking my question. I wanted to touch on the recent expansion of Pay It Plan It to all U.S. consumer cards. Have you seen any sort of usage acceleration since you extended that? And then can you actually frame for us how the big opportunities that can be and if it applies to that 2022 aspiration that you mentioned? Thank you.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. No, so it’s really too early to sort of tell on just how much we’ve got, because we really just did it. But, it’s not really in the — it’s not in our calculus to help us make our 2022 number. It’s totally upside for us. But again, just to put it in perspective, you’re talking about 6 million plans from inception, you’re talking about 6 million plans from inception. You’re talking about $5 billion of overall AR, and it’s a convenience feature that we have. It’s — yeah, I’d like to say it was our answer to Buy Now Pay Later, except we had it before a lot of the Buy Now Pay Laters. We just had it on particular cards, and now we’ve put it on all the cards.

So it really is all about meeting overall card members’ cash flow needs. And they will do this versus potentially revolve on charge or you know, just a normal lending transaction. It gives them more certainty. So, it’s in the overall numbers that we have and the overall spending that we have. But I wouldn’t say in any way, shape or form it’s a big driver of 2022.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of Bill Carcache with Wolfe Research. One moment. Your line is open sir, go ahead.

Bill Carcache — Wolfe Research — Analyst

Thank you. Good morning, Steve and Jeff.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Good morning, Bill.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

Hey, Bill.

Bill Carcache — Wolfe Research — Analyst

So you guys have done a very effective job of adjusting your pre-pandemic value propositions. But can you offer any thoughts on the work you’ve done more recently around potential post pandemic changes and consumer preferences that may be longer lasting and the risk that could lead to more permanent changes? For example, how concerned are you guys about the risk that the value proposition associated with the airline lounges may not be as great post COVID?

And how confident are you that you’ll be able to identify sustainable cost-effective alternatives to maintain the overall value proposition across your different products to the extent that we can’t just go back to the old, sort of, the older pre-pandemic offerings that you guys had?

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So a couple — a couple of points. So look, our strategy for the last three years has been to refresh our products on an ongoing basis. Ongoing basis anywhere from sort of three to four years. And so, we’ll talk more as we — as we refresh those products and we’ll give you a little bit more color on that. I take the opposite view on sort of the travel value propositions.

I think they’re actually going to be even stronger at this point, I think that people who are going to want to have the safety and security of our lounges, we’re opening up more lounges. We’re not backing away from these lounges. In fact, we’ve opened up numerous lounges during the pandemic and they’ve — they’ve turned into a little bit more of an oasis for people, where they know with our brand, our security and our reputation we’re going to take — take as good care of people in our lounges as possible.

And I think, the other thing that you know, there was a lot of questions we got at this time last year was, Jeez, what’s the future of your travel co-brand cards? And when we look at the month of — the month of March, and we look at sort of Delta, and we look at Hilton, as just two examples, they are at 2019 spending levels overall. And — because people have been accumulating points and people want status. And as I’ve said numerous times on these calls, status is probably even going to be more important going forward.

So, what we will continue to do is, we’re not going to walk away from our travel value propositions. If anything, I’ve been more encouraged that we did the right things and we’ll continue to add though. I mean, I think if you look at our history over the last three years or so, 3.5 years, we’ve kept our core value proposition and continued to add. And during the pandemic, I talked about the results we had with wireless and the results we had with streaming. We got customers who were not using our card for those things by putting some value in. We’re now four months after the value and they are still spending.

And we’re doing the same thing, right now we’ve got a PayPal credit for our Platinum card holders and we’re picking up more Card Members that didn’t use PayPal. And as I’ve talked about PayPal, and I’ve talked about some of the other FinTech Square and Stripe and so forth, they’ve actually not only helped us get couple more coverage, but have helped us in ways to deliver more value to our — to our card members.

So, we feel good about our card — our value propositions. We feel good about the travel value propositions that are in our products, but we will continue to expand and evolve our value propositions as we have over time. We’re not walking away from that strategy.

Operator

We’ll go next to Ryan Nash with Goldman Sachs. Go ahead, please.

Ryan Nash — Goldman Sachs — Analyst

Hey, good morning guys.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Hey, Ryan.

Ryan Nash — Goldman Sachs — Analyst

So Steve, maybe as a follow-up on that. So you injected significant value prop enhancements into the business like streaming and wireless, as you just referenced. And I believe some of those will evolve over the next few quarters. So can you maybe just talk about how you envision repurposing those marketing dollars?

I think Jeff, you talked about spending a little over $4.5 billion this year. Could we see that come down beyond this — beyond this year or do you expect to see these enhancements shifted towards customer acquisition and maybe we could see customer acquisitions above that — those 2.5 million per quarter that you talked about in 2019. Thanks.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So a couple of points. We spent, I think it was like $1 billion this quarter. Some of that was in value injection, not the wireless and streaming, those have ended. This is different types of value-injection. But the majority of that was customer acquisition and customer engagement. When we look at the rest of the year, I think we said we’re going to spend $4.5 billion, but we’ll spend up to the attractive opportunities that are — that are there. If there are not attractive opportunities, we will not spend it. If there are attractive opportunities, we will — we will spend more. If they are there, mainly [Phonetic] because we are focused on building that — that momentum.

Having said that, given that you have sort of probably a six-month value injection window and you’ve got customer acquisition and customer retention more than likely, you will see that overall dollar bucket come down next year as we go into 2022 when you’re not doing that value injection.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

The only thing I’d add Ryan is, we’ve talked about the fact that as you go through this year to Steve’s point you need to see the value injection spending come down. And we were pleased this quarter, because actually it was down sequentially, and we still continue to see tremendous customer attrition and retention rates, partly because the travel oriented value parts of our value propositions are becoming more valuable to people again.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of Jamie Friedman with Susquehanna Research. Go ahead please.

Jamie Friedman — Susquehanna International Group — Analyst

This is a very thoughtful IR deck, so thank you for that and for the updated commentary. I just wanted to ask, in Slide 7, 8, and 9, you demonstrate the outperformance of SME. You don’t have to go to the slide, I am just anchoring that. But in terms of the outperformance of SME, Steve and Jeff, could you remind us what it is about that relative to large and corporate that is different, that makes it more sustainable? Thank you.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So you probably heard us shuffling the pages to get to 7, 8 and 9. But yeah, so there is a huge difference. I mean, so our corporate card is predominantly — it’s like 60% travel and entertainment, whereas our SME card is like 80% goods and services. They use the card to run their business.

And as we’ve talked about travel coming back, it comes back in layers. It comes back with consumer, then it’s SME, and then it’s large and corporate. So it is a very different business and — which is why we went and acquired Kabbage to have a digital front for these SMEs where they can not only get their card spending done, but also get working capital loans, have a transaction banking account, have merchant financing loans, have short-term loans, and things like that.

Because, small businesses — small and mid-size businesses use this card to really help to run their — to run their businesses, which is a fundamental difference between how corporations use their card, which is to support T&E. And obviously it is B2B opportunities with — with large corporates. But that’s why — that’s why small businesses has come back.

Why our small businesses have done, I think, even better than what you might have thought is the dispersion that we have across the small business arena, and I’ve said this many times. When people think about small businesses, they tend to think about the small retail shop or they tend to think about this small restaurant.

The reality is, a lot of them didn’t do so well during this time. We don’t have a tremendous amount of our small business base there. It is a very diverse base and when you think about professional services, you think about cooling and plumbing and electric and all those things, our base is very wide, and that has helped us. Because, some small business segments during this time have just been through the roof, others have been hit really hard and other have — businesses have maintained as they were before the pandemic.

Operator

We’ll go now to the line of Bob Napoli with William Blair. Go ahead.

Robert Napoli — William Blair — Analyst

Thank you. Good morning, Steve.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Hey Bob.

Robert Napoli — William Blair — Analyst

Question on China, I guess, and in debit as — broader thoughts on debit. So what do we — what should we see out of China? You’ve changed your reporting somewhat, because you’re expecting to see some significant numbers I guess out of China, but you are also talking about building debit capability broader than China. And I just wondered what your long-term thoughts were on that.

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So I think we changed that to provide, I think, the appropriate level of transparency for you guys because, obviously as we’ve said this all along, GNS volumes are not worth the same to us as GNS as proprietary volumes and China volumes are part of that mix. And so, that’s why we changed it to process volumes. Because yes, you’re right, over time we do expect that volume to be very significant. And we wanted to make sure we were providing the right level of insight, so that you guys could make the right assumptions. And there will be in China, it will be charge credit and will be debit cards.

And so, as we — as we build that capability, we will evaluate where else if you build that capability for your network, it gives you the capability to do it in other markets, and so we’ll evaluate over time where that makes sense for us to roll that out. So nothing really to announce here. But I think it’s important that you understand the capabilities that we’re building as well, and we’re building these capabilities from a global perspective, so that we have it.

But to also point out, we do have GNS partners in local markets today that have debit products, have American Express debit products. They just tend to get used more locally within country as opposed to around the world. And it’s important, at some point, we will have a lot of traveling Chinese card members and it’s important that they’re able to use all of — all the products that our partners issued to them all around the world and debit being one of them.

Operator

We’ll go next to the line of Rick Shane with J.P. Morgan. Go ahead please.

Richard Shane — J.P. Morgan — Analyst

Hey guys, thanks so much for taking my question. I know you guys [Indecipherable] while. One of the consequences of the Card Act was that it shifted the competitive landscape from offering lower rates to higher rewards. And we think at the peak of the GFC recovery that was particularly challenging for AXP, because it had the impact of basically causing industry offers to converge to your core value propositions.

One of the responses we saw from you is that you moved them to your front foot in terms of targeting millennials for card acquisition. I’m curious as we sort of enter this new period of expansion, and all of your competitors are talking about growth. What are the lessons you’ve learned last cycle? And either tactically or strategically, how will you respond?

Stephen J. Squeri — Chairman And Chief Executive Officer

Well, you know, I have a different version of the Card Act than you do. I think our competitors got into this more after the financial crisis when they really looked at this and said this was a very attractive business. The reality is the Card Act had a lot less impact on us, because remember, 80% of our revenues are not from interest, and you know, the fact that interest rates, especially on prior balances were now controlled, really had less impact on us than it did on our competitors.

Our competitors went [Phonetic] up just growing their overall business and one of the first things they did is hire a lot of people from American Express to do that. But look, I think that you know, the lessons that we’ve learned over time — and look, I’ve always said this, we welcome competition. The lessons that we learned over time is you need to continue to focus in on what your customer needs are and how your customer is changing and evolving.

And this is why when I took over, one of the first things I said is we’re going to go to a strategy of refreshing our products on a real ongoing basis. You cannot have your green card sit out there for 30 years and think it’s still as relevant 30 years ago as it is — as it is today. Millennials was really not — not as much a Card Act. Millennials was us opening our eyes to the fact that our value proposition had a much broader appeal.

And I think that we really started to communicate that. And look, and I’ve said this publicly before, I think your company there did a great job of really highlighting premium cards, I’m talking about J.P. Morgan and Gordon and his team did a fantastic job of highlighting premium cards to millennials. And our value proposition played remarkably well there.

And as I just said, 60% of our cards that we just acquired are millennials. I think we had to expand our aperture, and we did that. We expanded that aperture, and we realized that the value proposition that we had could have a wider audience and could have a wider target and we’ve done that and we will continue to do that.

You will continue to see that from a multicultural perspective. You will continue to see that from millennials. You’ll continue to see that with women as well. So I think what we learned is that since then is that there is a broader market for our products than we initially thought, number one. Number two, you always have to keep innovating and you have to innovate on a regular cycle basis. You can’t stand on your laurels. And I would say that we learned more from some of our trials and tribulations with Costco than we did from the Card Act.

Operator

Our final question will come from Sanjay Sakhrani with KBW. Go ahead, please.

Sanjay Sakhrani — KBW — Analyst

Thank you. Good morning. Most of my questions have been asked, but just a quick one on credit. Jeff, I think you mentioned you’re still waiting towards the negative or a higher weighting towards the negative scenario in your reserve calculation. I’m just curious sort of how realistic that is given sort of where we are and we’re looking at delinquency rates here and the building momentum.

Maybe you could just talk about that. And then just one quick one on the expenses. You mentioned the venture gains helping expenses this quarter. I mean, should we just view it as a one-time gain or how should we think about that? Was that spent? Thanks.

Jeff Campbell — Chief Financial Officer

So on credit Sanjay, you’re correct. For the purposes of our accounting credit reserve, we did significantly weighed a downside scenario. And I think that’s in keeping with a little bit of a regulatory view where you have the Federal Reserve saying to all banks, we’re still a little — [Indecipherable] we see a little bit more time pass before we free everyone to go back to returning to your appropriate capital levels.

So we thought it was appropriate to be that conservative. But to be clear, the reserve that we have on the books implies that some — that steady recovery that we’re in the midst of now just stops and things get worse. So if it doesn’t, then you would expect to see more reserves. The only other comment I’d make is, it’s April 23rd, you’re already at the point of the year where you really can’t for the most part see write-offs go up significantly this year, even if bad stuff happens the actual write-offs would go into next year.

On opex, yes, we did have a $377 million gain on the really great portfolio we have of FinTech investments. We have about 50 different companies we have holdings in. We do partnerships for those companies. It’s really all about those partnerships. But, the market has been pretty frothy lately. So there was a big gain on a couple of those companies this quarter. There is also some offsets, you know, and the equity and markets are frothy. Our deferred comp balances are a bit of an offset or a hedge almost to the equity investments.

I would really think of it Sanjay mostly as a one-time sort of thing. This year, the reality is we’re not focused on any particular EPS outcome. What we’re focused on is, to the extent we have good investment opportunities, you will see us use the financial strength that we have right now to pursue those opportunities because we are laser-focused and increasingly confident of the aspiration we have for 2022.

Vivian Zhou — Head of Investor Relations

With that, we will bring the call to an end. Thank you again for joining today’s call and for your continued interest in American Express. The IR team will be available for any follow-up questions. Alan, back to you.

Operator

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, the webcast replay will be available on our Investor Relations website at ir.americanexpress.com shortly after the call. You can also access the digital replay of the call at 866-207-1041 or 402-970-0847, access code 3411494 after 12 PM Eastern Time today, April 23rd through midnight April 30th. That will conclude our conference call for today. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.